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Meaning: relationship between two variables
Hamilton tested 24 students by describing different people to them. Data shows how subjects overestimate the frequency with which stereotypic words were used to describe. |
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Expectations or stereotypes lead people to treat others in a way that makes them confirm their expectations.
Experiment: Darly & Gross IQ tests |
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| If i believe something will happen then i will leap to conclusion that most other people feel the same way. |
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| Representative Heuristics |
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Focus on one object to another to infer that the first object acts like the seond one.
Experiment: mom and daughter at gorcery store. the daughter wants a certain cereal but the mom suggest that she should get a heathier brand |
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Judgments based on how easy it is for us to bring specific example to mind.
Experiment: asked if you die from shark attacks or falling airplane parts |
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Way of making decisions and solving problems. Can be used to assign objects to favorable/unfavorable class.
Experiment: Pratkanis asked participants about Ronald Reagan |
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A general impression of a person affects our inferences and future expectations about that person.
Experiment: People liking George Bush and try to explain his negative behavior in a positive way. |
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| This is a mental shortcut to help solve problems. Heuristics require little thought |
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| ability of a group to remember, think and reason |
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A reference point gives people a direction and a place to start at.
Experiment: Partkains study with burgers (health and taste) |
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| The more well informed an audience is, the less likely they are to be persuaded by a one sided argument. The are more likely to be persuaded by opposing arguments. |
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| Logic vs. Emotional Appeals |
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Logic- giving facts
Emotional- feelings
Hartmann: induces people to vote for a political party (logic)
Leventhal: X-ray experiment threatening a person's chance of life. |
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| Burton Golden presented 6th graders with a speaker to test how credible they thought the source was. The manipulated the speaker by race, job and clothes. |
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| Tendency to catch and feel emotions that are similar to others. |
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| Ultimate Attribution Error |
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| explaining the behaviors of others, not taking favors into consideration |
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| Behavior is learned through observing and imitating the actions of others |
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| People will do things in groups they feel less responsible for their actions and less like an individual |
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| Thought that girls are more likely to hurt others by sabotaging their relationship with peers. Boy are more physical while girls are more social when it comes to fighting |
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Release of Energy
Experiment: Simon Freud believed that unless people were allowed to express themselves aggressively it would build up and it would seek an explosive outlet. |
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| Hostile vs Instrumental Aggression |
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Hostile- comes from feeling of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
Instrumental- intention to hurt someone, but the hurt is done through an okay manner, like sports |
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| This is intentional behavior aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain |
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| This refers to the fact that we tend to see members of out groups as more similar to one another than to members of our own group |
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The tendency for neutral and irrelevant info to weaken a judgment or impression.
Experiment: Henry Zukier, time spent studying |
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Priming- ideas that have been recently encountered are more likely to come to mind.
Framing- process of selective influences over one's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases. |
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Definition
| We are always trying to conserve or cognitive energy. So we tend to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. We do this by ignoring some information but this is can lead us to errors and bias |
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Developed by Willam McGuire to explain how attitudes and beliefs change but also how to keep original beliefs consistent.
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| Happens when someone is heavily pressured to accept a certain view or attitude. It can cause the person to adopt or strengthen a view and it can even increase resistance to persuasion. |
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| Primacy vs Recency Effect |
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Definition
Primacy- info presented earlier being better remembered
Recency- better recall of most recent information |
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| Peripheral Route of Persuasion |
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Definition
| This is less judicious as compared to central. Here the person responds to simple, irrelevant cues that suggest the rightness, wrongness or attractiveness of an argument without giving it much thought. |
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| Central Route of Persuasion |
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| Weighing out arguments and considering relevant facts and figure in order to reach a decision. |
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| Authoritarian Personalities |
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Definition
-rigid in beliefs
-posses conventional values
-intolerant of weakness in themselves
-highly punitive
-suspicious
-respectful of authority |
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| Hostile and Benevolent Sexism |
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Definition
Hostile: dislike of women, hold stereotypic views and suggest that they are inferior to men
Benevolent: favorable to women, positive views, but they do think women are weaker |
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| ways of behaving socially that we learn from our culture. |
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| An object that is associated with aggressive responses and the presence can increases the probability of a aggression. |
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| when you have the perception that you are worse off than these other people you compare yourself to |
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| This group can lead to harmful behaviors and can pressure members into doing something they don't want to do. |
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