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| 1880 demographic changes in Europe caused a second wave of immigrants from eastern an southern Europe to seek America. (from Germany, England, Ireland, Scandinavia, Italy, Austria hungry, and Russia). Many Americans feared the customs, the Catholic and Jewish faith, and poverty of the “New” Immigrants. They were considered less desirable than the “old” immigrants. Both “old” and “new” were relatively the same because both made the family the focus of all undertakings |
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| the Conservative Judaism was the practice of Judaism without letting it become Americanized. Although the Conservative Judaism did allow English prayers and did abolish the segregation because the eastern Jews thought that the Reform Judaism sacrificed too much to American ways |
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| Political Machines and Bosses |
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| Machine politicians’ routinely used bribery and graft to further their ends. They were the protectors of immigrants and looked out for their interest. Machines were adept to special interest groups. They had power basis among new immigrants. Many bosses were also immigrants. The immigrants gained protection from the political machines and bosses in exchange for their for support. Machine led city governments led the efforts of many public works projects such as sewer systems and public transportation. |
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| Family and Household Structures in late 19th and early 20th centuries |
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| nuclear families (parents, children), constant between racial and ethnic groups throughout United States, also boarding houses gaining prevalence, young US population (immigration) so fewer three generation families, nuclear families more desirable because of migration rates (wanted a 'home of their own') |
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| 20th century, popular entertainment featuring various shows in rapid succession: jugglers, pantomimes, magicians puppeteers, etc, increased quickly around 1900, ex: promoter Florenz Ziegfeld began Ziegfeld Follies, new opportunities for women and African Americans but allowed indignity and exploitation, showed shift from rural to urban (ex: folk songsragtime), fostered racial and ethnic (anti immigrant) prejudices |
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| sensational news published, increased overall newspaper/magazine circulation, began as a result of Joseph Pulitzer and increased from Hearst, news = mass culture, ex: Elizabeth Cochrane faked her way into an insane asylum to report on the conditions) |
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| Pendleton Civil Service Act |
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| Passed in 1883 under President Arthur. He created civil service commission. He oversaw the competition examinations for government positions. He gave the commission jurisdiction over only 10% of federal jobs. Civil Service at state and local levels developed in haphazard manner. The Pendleton Civil Service Act marked beginning and instigated wider change |
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| Supreme court up held the principal of state regulation for the “common good” and declared that the railroad companies were acting for the interest of the public. It undermined congressional authority in matters of interstate commerce regulation. |
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| The “Billion Dollar Congress" |
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| happened following the pension act. The federal budget went past a billion dollars. Democrats blamed spendthrift republicans. Voters reacted by unseating republicans in the next election. Democrats fed off the political distrust of the republicans. They nominated Cleveland in 1892 and he won (democratic). |
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| Poll Taxes and Grandfather Clause |
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| State Legislatures found ways to exclude black voters with out mentioning race, color, or servitude. For example: Poll tax, you had to pay 8 months early and show receipt to prove that they could read and interpret state constitutions. The Grandfather clause was another way to exclude blacks. It established literacy and property qualifications, and exempted sons and grandsons of those eligible to vote before 1867. Still constricted to agriculture for the most part, they could not pay the taxes, and were unable to vote. (Limits of Gilded Age Politics) |
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| The 15th Amendment kept states from preventing people to vote on basis of race, but not gender. The National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association battled for woman suffrage for the next 20 years. The NWSA tried to better rights in the courts, workplace, and the ballot box. The AWSA focused only on suffrage. Bills were introduced, but all were killed during a period of 18 years. The NWSA fought for suffrage on a national level. The AWSA tried to amend state constitutions. In 1890 they joined to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Few successes, but trained women leaders in political organization and public speaking. Between 1870 and 1910, 11 states, mostly in the west, legalized woman suffrage. Some states allowed women to vote on certain issues such as school issues, taxes or bond issues. |
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| agrarian movement in the United States, initiated shortly after the American Civil War with the aim of improving the social, economic, and political status of farmers. The movement constituted the initial stage in the unrest among farmers in many areas of the U.S. that characterized the latter part of the 19th century. Among the causes of the unrest were the declining prices of farm products, the growing indebtedness of farmers to merchants and banks, the discriminatory freight rates imposed on farmers by the railroads, and the acquisition by the railroads of public lands that formerly had served pioneer farmers as a source of new farmland. |
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| The Populist Party Ideals |
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| Founded during two conventions in 1891 and 1892, the party adopted a platform calling for free coinage of silver and the issuance of large amounts of paper currency—inflationary measures that it hoped would ease the financial burdens of the nation's debt-ridden farmers. Its other demands included abolishing the national banking system, nationalizing the railroads, instituting a graduated income tax, electing U.S. senators by direct popular vote, and allowing people to participate directly in government by means of referendum |
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| Progressive Politician founded National Progressive Republicans League in 1911 which became the core of the Progressive Party. Self-made small-town layer became governor of Wisconsin then Senator. Nicknamed “Battling Bob.” Goal was to drive corporations out of politics and then treat them exactly the same as other people are treated. Political reform and business regulations were known as the Wisconsin plan. |
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| Presidential Election of 1912 |
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| Wilson, a democrat, got 42% of the popular vote, and 82% of the electorate vote. Roosevelt, a progressive, got 27% of the popular vote, and 16.5% of the electorate vote. Taft, a republican, got 23% of the popular vote and 1.5% of the electorate vote. |
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| The Open Door Policy and Its Motivations |
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| United States asked imperial powers in China to respect principle of equal trade opportunity (Open Door). Policy is never really a success – imperial powers denied US request (indirectly) and argued that the US was trying to get for free what they had obtained using military power. The Open Door policy represented the cornerstone of US diplomacy. It was based on three beliefs: domestic well-being requires exports, foreign trade would be interrupted without US intervention, closing of trade anywhere threatened US survival. The policy gradually became a way to pry open markets and dominate them (this was the motivation behind Open Door). |
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| was the use of private funds to serve American diplomatic goals and at the same to garner profits for American financiers. By President Taft done in order to counter Japanese advances in Asia. In practice only emboldened Japan to strengthen in Japan. |
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| US forced Cuba to append its Constitution to extend US hegemony. The Amendment meant that US had to approve any Cuban treaty. It also granted US right to intervene to preserve island’s independence. Also granted US a naval base. (REMEMBER THIS WAS A TREATY TO THE CUBAN CONSTITUTION). |
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| The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine |
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| Roosevelt was worried that Latin American debts to European countries were provoking European intervention in Latin America (England, Germany, and Italy sent warships to Venezuela in 1902) the president in 194 issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt warned Latin American Countries to stabilize their politics and finances, or else there would be interference by a "an international power police (the US)." Roosevelt's declaration foreshadowed intervention by the US into Latin America. Through 1900-1917 the United States the presidents ordered the US troops to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Haiti to quell civil wars, and thwart challenges to the US |
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