- alters incoming sensory sensations

- alters mood or emotions

- alters the physiological state (including consciousness, activity level, or co-ordination)

occurs as the body adapts to the action of the drug

the patient needs a greater quantity of the drug to achieve the original effect (the possibility of reaching the lethal dose increases as does the side effects)

1. oral

2. inhalation

3. through the anus

4. by injection (parenteral)

1. intramuscular - usually injected into an arm, leg or buttock muscle

2. subcutaneous - injected directly under the skin

3. intravenous - this has the most rapid effect as the drug enters the bloodstream directly

- essentially simple bases, such as metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogencarbonates

- neutralizes the acid in the stomach

- indigestion is commonly caused by overeating, alcohol, smoking and anxiety

- find molar masses

- determine mole number

- using the balanced equation, determine the amount of acid neutralised by each antacid

- works by preventing a particular enzyme, prostaglandin synthase, being formed at the site of the injured or pain

- this enzyme is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins (produce fever and swelling) and the transmission of pain from the site of an injury to the brain

mild analgesic 

less problematic side effects compared to aspirin

work by interacting temporarily with receptor sites in the brain with the result that pain signals within the brain and spinal cord are blocked

- induce a feeling of euphoria (sense of wellbeing)

- dulling of pain

- depress nervous system

- slow breathing and heart rate

- cough reflec inhibited

- nausea and vomiting (first time users)

- high doses lead to coma and/or death

- constipation

- disrupts menstrual cycle

- poor eating habits

- risk of AIDS, hepatits etc through shared needles

- social problems, e.g. theft

drugs which depress the central nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses in the neurons

depressants slow down the functions of the body including mental activity

- relaxation, confidence and increased sociability

- dilates blood vessels leading to a feeling of warmth

- loss of balance

- slurred speech

 - concentration becomes impaired

- severe liver disease

- high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, strokes and dementia

- miscarriages and fetal abnormalities

using acidified potassium dichromate

(turning orange to green)

it is a sympathomimetic drug 

(mimics the effect of stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system which deals with subconscious nerve responses)

- short term effects include increase in heart rate and breathing, dilation of the pupils, decrease in appetite followed by fatigue

- regular use can lead to tolerance and dependence

- long term effects include weight loss, constipation and emotional instability

- modification to the structure of amphetamines

- mental relaxation, increased sensitivity to stimuli, hallucinations

- may relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease

- sympathomimetic

- increases concentration and relieves tension

- central core of DNA or RNA

- surrounded by a coat (capsid) of regularly packed protein units (capsomeres) each containing many protein units

- no nucleus and no cytoplams

- altering the cell's genetic material so that the virus cannot use it to multiply

- preventing the new viruses formed from leaving the cell

- virus invades certain types of white blood cells

(T helper cells)

- makes viral-DNA from the RNA template using

reverse transcriptase

- geometric isomer (cis)

- effective at treating some forms of cancer as it forms a complex ion that alters the cancer cell's DNA so that the cell cannot be replicated correctly

 The high reactivity of the amide group within the 

four-membered ring structure is a result of strain. 

The ring opens so that the penicillin becomes 

covalently bonded to the enzyme that synthesizes 

bacterial cell walls, thus blocking its action

involves the syntehsis of highly reactive intermediates and products are generatred separately

this method gives rise to a more focussed library

 A chiral auxiliary is used to convert a non-chiral 

molecule into just the desired enantiomer, thus 

avoiding the need to separate enantiomers from a 

racemic mixture. It works by attaching itself to the 

non-chiral molecule to create the stereochemical 

conditions necessary to force the reaction to follow 

a certain path. Once the new molecule has been 

formed, the auxiliary can be taken off (recycled) to 

leave the desired enantiomer