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| An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. |
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| The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process. |
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| A particular place along the length of a certain chromosome where a given gene is located. |
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| A membrane-enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
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| A giant molecule of living matter formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by condensation synthesis. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. |
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| The second stage of mitosis. During metaphase, all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle. |
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| A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. |
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| The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle. |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration. |
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| Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
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| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
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| Abbreviation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. |
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| A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |
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| A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
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| The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA. |
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| A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes. |
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| (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons. |
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| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
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| Molecules that constitute the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. |
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| Addition of a phosphate group or groups to a molecule. |
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| The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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| The light-harvesting unit in photosynthesis, located on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and consisting of the antenna complex, the reaction-center chlorophyll a, and the primary electron acceptor. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths. |
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| A surface appendage in certain bacteria that functions in adherence and the transfer of DNA during conjugation. |
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| One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. |
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| A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together. |
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| An autotrophic organism, usually a photosynthesizer, that contributes to the net primary productivity of a community. |
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| The first stage of mitosis, during which duplicated chromosomes condense from chromatin, and the mitotic spindle forms and begins moving the chromosomes toward the center of the cell. |
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| A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids. |
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| A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of the atom. |
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