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| The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. |
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| Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6 |
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| The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds. |
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| The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins. |
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| An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins. |
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| Synthetic chemical variants of the male sex hormone testosterone; they produce increased muscle mass but also suppress testosterone production, leading to shrinkage of the testes, growth of the breasts, and premature baldness; long-term use increases the risk of kidney and liver damage and of liver cancer. |
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| A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts. |
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| Abbreviation of adenosine triphosphate, the principal energy-carrying compound of the cell. |
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| A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial cristae (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion. |
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| A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. |
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| A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end-product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. |
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| The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. |
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| A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. |
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| 1) A slimy layer around the cells of certain bacteria. (2) The sporangium of a bryophyte. |
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| A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
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| The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic bacterium). |
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| A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. |
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| A functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. |
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| An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
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| The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. |
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| A regular increase of decrease in the intensity or density of a chemical substance. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of H+ ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. |
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| A chemical bond formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. |
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| An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. |
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| The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I. |
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| A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions. |
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