Term
| What roles do microbes have in the envoirnment? |
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Definition
They have three roles:
- Producers
- Nitrogen Fixers
- Decomposers
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Term
| What are biochemical cycles? |
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Definition
| cycles that involve a living thing, mineral and chemical changes (ex. carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous cycles) |
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Term
| Nitrogen (N2) is held together by_____ |
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Definition
| Strong triple covalent bonds |
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Term
| Nitrogen can be naturally broken in what three natural ways? |
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Definition
| Lighting strikes, volcanoes, and nitrogen fixers. |
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Term
| Some bacteria can use N2 gas because they are ____________ |
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Definition
| Chemoautotrops, which means they take electrons from inorganic substances to synthesize ATP |
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Term
| On land - nitorgen fixing bacteria are in the genus ______________ |
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Definition
| Rhizobium (found usually in nodules that only infect legumes) |
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Term
| In water, the main nitrogen fixers are in which to genuses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrogen fixing bacteria contain this enzyme to break the triple bonds between 2 nitrogen atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the chemical process for Nitrogen Fixation |
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Definition
N2 (Nitrogen) -----> NH3 + H+ (Ammonia) ----> NH4 (Ammonium)
The nitrogen becomes ammonia as a result of nitrogenase. |
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Term
| What is the genus of the bacteria that starts the first process of nitrification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genus of the bacteria in the second process of nitrification |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical formula for the first process of nitrification? |
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Definition
| Nitrosomonas NH4 ------> NO2- (Nitrite) |
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Term
| What is the chemical formula for the second process of Nitrification? |
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Definition
| Nitrobacter NO2- -----> NO3- (nitrate) |
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Term
| What is the genus of the bacteria used in denitrification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical process of denitrification? |
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Definition
| Pseudemonas dentrificans NO3- ----> N2 Gas |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of living organisms or products of them to create products that improve human life. |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of living organisms or products of them to create products that improve human life. |
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Term
| Bacteria and Viruses are both often used in biotechnology for what two reasons? |
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Definition
-Human proteins are mass produced by transfering human DNA into bacteria
-viruses are used as vectors to transfer foreign DNA into live cells |
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Term
| What is reverse transcriptase and what is it used for? |
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Definition
It is an enzyme that is found only in retroviruses which catalyzes the creation of DNA from an RNA template.
They are used in biotech to create strands of DNA that don't contain any introns. |
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Term
| Eukaryotic Genes contain 2 areas of DNA nucleotides: _______ which expressed the sequence of that code and _________ which does not code for anything. _________ areas make Eukaryotic genes very large. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does reverse transcriptase do for human genes that need to be transferred into a bacteria? |
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Definition
| It removes the introns in order for the gene to fit inside of the bacteria. |
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Term
| Outline Reverse Transcriptase in Biotechnology |
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Definition
1) DNA containing gene of interest is turned into RNA through transcripton and then it is process by the cell to remove introns
2) The mature, processed mRNA containing only the gene of interest is removed from the cell
3)In vitro, the RNA is mixed with reverse transcriptase, DNA nucleotides and appropriate enzymes. Single stranded DNA containing no introns is created.
4) DNA Polymerase I is used to make it DS
5) Processed DS DNA is then used to transform a live bacterial cell to produce the desired protein. |
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Term
| What are some human proteins which are made by transforming bacteria? |
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Definition
| Insulin, Human Growth Hormomne, Factor VII Protein |
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Term
| What is Somatic Cell Therapy? What are the three ways it can be accomplished? |
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Definition
it involves treating any cells of the individual (not the eggs or sperm) at the cellular level to correct a defective of missing gene.
1) ex vivo - removes cell from patient, alters, then returns
2) in situ - inject vector into blood stream
3) in vivo - vector is placed into tissue |
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Term
| What is Germ-line therapy? |
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Definition
| treats the gametes of the embryo and it ensures that the progeny of the individual who has had germ-line therapy will be free of the same genetic disorder |
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Term
| What are the most widely used groups of viruses for gene therapy? |
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Definition
| retroviruses and adenoviruses |
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