makes up natural gas/gasoline

after carbon has formed four covalent bond and are all occupied with hydrogen

simplest of the four kinds of biochemicals (subset of organic molecules)

energy source

stores

commonly structural

• simple carbohydrates
• sugars
• monosaccharides
• clucose and fructose
• six carbon sugars
• ring of hydroxyl (-OH)
• one double bond
  
• ketone or aldehyde (C=O and H-C=O)

• sucrose (common sugar)
• Maltose (beer)
• Lactose (mammalian milk)

• many sugar monomers
• condensation or synthesis or dehydrations (chemical joining reaction involves loss of water from two hydroxyls leaving and easter bond
• the opposite of this is hydrolysis (splitting with water)
• both energy storage and structural roles
  

• animal storage form containing many branching chains or glucose monomers

• plants form of storage
• linear chains

• plantsstructural form and continues the outer wall of plant cells

• primairly involved in energy storage and membrane structure
• waxes for protection against unusual lipid function as hormones

• major polymer of fatty acids, three carbon alchol (glycerol-backbone) linked to three fatty acids by condensation reactions and the loss of three water molecules

packed more tightly , solid at room temp

all single bonds between carbons

"bad"

atleast one double bond between carbon

"good"

triglycerides with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group

one side polar the other nonpolar

make up membranes

• nonpolar
• hydrophobic
• various long fatty acids involved
• function to protect plants from water loss (combs in honey bee nests)

• NO LIPID GROUP WITH FATTY ACIDS
• backbone=cholesterol
• lipid hormones (oestrogen, progeseron, testosterone)

• building blocks of cells
• enzymes that facilitate cellular activities
• hormones to energy reserves (last resort)

• both have sulfur atoms in R groups
• methionine has CH3 group (methyl) attached to sulfur end on R group

• 3D
• combination of hydrogen bonds and weaker Van der Waals forces
• know asconformation of proteins and this shape determines its properties and abilities

hemoglobin

some proteins are not functional till they join several other proteins

• monomers carry energy and signal (nucleotide-5carbon sugar ribose sugar ring etc) ATP
• polymers medium of inheritance and protein synthesis

Nucleotides connected by condensation reactions

NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide carries enery in the form of an attached hydrogen as NADH

for sugars

three pathways

glycolysis

cytoplasm

glucose

universal process whereby cells split or lyse glucose (or other sugars) into two molecules of pyruvate (two ATP and two NADH molecules)

occures in cytoplasm

• moslty proteins
• few RNA
• enzymes are very specific for particular reactions

• pH
• temperature

• allosteric binding

co-factors or coupling agents

ATP

NAD

FAD

• lactate fermentation (animals=starved of oxygen)
• alcholic fermentation (yeast)
• anaerobic electron transport (bacteria use reduction of inorganic chemicals such as sulphate to hydrogen sulphide/poison gas)