Term
| 1. Comparing photosynthesis to glycolysis, which of the following compounds is the product of one process and the reactants of the other? |
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Definition
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Which process occurs in both plants and animals?
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Definition
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| Which is NOT associated with anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| metabolism in mitochondria |
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Term
| The energy directly used to drive biosynthetic reactions in cells is derived from the chemical bonds of: |
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Definition
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Term
| How frequently is ATP used by a living green plant? |
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Definition
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| Which BEST describes the purpose of respiration in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary purpose of respiration? |
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Definition
| to convert energy into a usable form |
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Term
The starting material for glycolysis is:
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Definition
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| What do glycolysis and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis have in common? |
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Definition
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One kind respiration is referred to as anaerobic because it:
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Definition
| occurs in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
Which occurs in all plants at night?
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Definition
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Glycolysis occurs in the ________ , Krebs cycle occurs in the _________ and electron transport occurs in the _________.
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Definition
| cytoplasm / matrix / inner membranes |
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Term
Fermentation occurs when:
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following best describes the role of the electron transport system in mitochondria? |
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Definition
| It uses energy from NADH to form ATP. |
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Term
How does aerobic respiration provide an advantage over anaerobic respiration alone?
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Definition
| More ATP per molecule of glucose is produced in aerobic respiration. |
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Term
| In total, aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule theoretically yields a production of: |
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Definition
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We grind wheat seeds and use the white, starchy material to make bread and pasta. This material is actually produced by the seed to:
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Definition
| nourish the developing embryo |
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Term
The arrow indicates the _____________ of the corn seed which functions in ______________ .
[image] |
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Definition
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The major difference between monocot and eudicot seeds is that in monocot seeds, most of the nutritional reserves for germination are stored in the ____________ , whereas in eudicot seeds, they are stored in the _______________.
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Definition
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Which seed structure provides the embryo with energy during the first stages of germination?
[image] |
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Definition
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When we eat blue corn tortilla chips, we are eating food material that was stored mainly as:
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Definition
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Term
Starch is stored in the roots of plants in the:
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Definition
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Carrots are ____________ that are modified for ____________.
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Definition
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| When you examine a potato carefully you can see potato eyes that form a tight spiral arrangement around a central eye on one end of the potato. The presence of these eyes indicates that this underground plant structure is actually a modified: |
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Definition
| will stay below freezing even if all power is cut off, since it is located in an area of permafrost. |
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The “center of origin“ for corn is in the present day:
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Definition
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The “center of origin“ for sorghum is in the present day:
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following are the four top crops that feed the world?
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Definition
| wheat, rice, corn and white potato |
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Term
Through domestication and artificial selection,:
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Definition
| crop plants may lose the ability to compete with wild relatives. |
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Term
Which of the following crop plants grows best in a cool, moist environment?
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following crop plants can grow on marginal land with frequent droughts? |
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Definition
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Term
The tuberous root of which plant is a common food item?
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Definition
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Humans have greatly altered the evolution of crop plants. Which is NOT an example of artificial selection?
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Definition
| drought resistance in millet |
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Term
Why are refined grains often fortified?
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Definition
| to add back vitamins and minerals |
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Term
Place the following steps in the correct order for the germination of a seed.
1. Digestion of reserves.
2. Leaves enlarge.
3. Root elongates.
4. Water is imbibed.
5. Shoot emerges. |
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Definition
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Term
The first structure to emerge from a seed during germination is/are the ______ for _________.
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Definition
| root / rapid water uptake |
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Term
Which crop yields the most protein per acre in unfertilized soil?
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Definition
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Term
A diet that consists of orange juice, toast with jelly, wheat cake, pineapple juice, soyburger, and sunflower seeds will have an energy efficiency of close to:
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Definition
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Term
Which 3 grasses together feed much of the world?
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Definition
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In which area of the world did soybeans originate?
[image] |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
In general, humans consume what part of the plants from the grass family?
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Definition
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Term
In which area of the world did wheat originate?
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Definition
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Term
| A peanut (including the shell or hull) is actually a ________ that develops underground. |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of the plant has the largest amount of stored protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids relative to its size?
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Definition
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Term
The first event in the germination of a seed is:
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Definition
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Term
What do potato tubers, iris bulbs and strawberry runners have in common?
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Definition
| They are all modified stems. |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a modified stem? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which case would vegetative propagation be ruled out? |
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Definition
| Genetically different plants are needed. |
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Term
| All sporophytes all have one characteristic in common. They _________. |
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Definition
| produce spore mother cells that divide by meiosis |
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Term
Which of the following transitions involves the process of meiosis?
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Definition
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Term
The stage of the life cycle which develops into a gametophyte is called a(n):
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Definition
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Term
Which orders correctly reflect a sequence of stages in the basic sexual life cycle of a plant?
1. meiosis, sporophyte, spore, zygote
2. sporophyte, spore mother cell, meiosis, spore
3. gametophyte, meiosis, zygote, sporophyte
4. zygote, fertilization, sporophyte, spore
5. spores, gametophyte, gametes, fertilization
6. fertilization, gametes, mitosis, gametophyte
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Definition
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The cell(s) that result from meiosis of a spore mother cell is/are:
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Definition
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Term
Which statement is FALSE? Natural vegetative (asexual) reproduction:
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Definition
| results from fertilization of an egg cell. |
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Term
Which is an example of root tissue modified for asexual reproduction?
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Definition
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Term
Which is one advantage of asexual reproduction?
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Definition
| Allows an organism to quickly fill a habitat. |
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Term
Which of the following transitions involves the process of meiosis?
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Definition
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Term
| What is an advantage that sexual reproduction has over asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Sexual reproduction generates more genetic variation. |
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Term
| Banana plants are propagated from rhizomes and, therefore, all plants in a plantation may share a common ancestor. Which statement about such a plantation of bananas is FALSE? |
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Definition
The offspring result from fertilization of egg cells.
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Term
Plants are different from animals in that plants alternate between a ___________ sporophyte generation and a ______________ gametophyte generation.
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Definition
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Term
| The function of petals in a showy flower like an orchid is to: |
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Definition
| attract animals to the stigma and stamens. |
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Term
The cell(s) that result from meiosis of a spore mother cell is/are:
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Definition
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Term
to what structure does the arrow point in the picture below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
A flower that lacked which of the following would still be capable of sexual reproduction?
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Definition
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Term
What is the structure indicated by the } ?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| Which flower part has as its primary function the protection of the developing flower bud? |
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Definition
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Term
The basic source of new genes in a population is mutation. The amount of variation is further increased by:
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Definition
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Term
| Through the processes of __________ and ___________, new combinations of genes are possible. |
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Definition
| independent assortment / crossing over |
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Term
Which best describes the process of meiosis?
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Definition
| Meiosis produces new genetic combinations. |
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Term
Which statement INCORRECTLY describes meiosis in plants?
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Definition
| produces spore cells genetically identical to the spore mother cell |
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Term
| The simplest male flower using wind as the pollination agent might consist only of: |
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Definition
| a bare receptacle with a single stamen. |
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Term
[image]
In which parts of the flower pictured below would you find HAPLOID cells? |
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Definition
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Term
All sporophytes all have one characteristic in common. They:
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Definition
| produce spore mother cells that divide by meiosis. |
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Term
| The cost of sex in plants is offset by: |
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Definition
| increased genetic variation in the offspring. |
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Term
| increased genetic variation in the offspring. |
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Definition
two homologous chromosomes exchange sequences.
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Term
| Which explains why chromosomes come in homologous pairs? |
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Definition
| The pairs are a result of fertilization. |
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Term
Which drawing represents a cell containing two pairs of homologous chromosomes paired up?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
The Global Seed Vault (Doomsday Vault):
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Definition
| will stay below freezing even if all power is cut off, since it is located in an area of permafrost. |
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Term
| Which of the following is neither an attractant nor a reward used in pollination systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| In wind-pollinated flowers such as oak, the ______________ are likely to be absent. |
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Definition
petals
Petals function to attract pollinators. These are not necessary when wind is the pollinator. |
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Term
| A flower with a dark color, a landing platform and a smell like rotting meat is most likely pollinated by which of the following? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a plant's flowers have practically no petals, no fragrance and no nectar, but produce huge amounts of pollen, it is a good bet that the flowers are pollinated by: |
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Definition
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Term
Conifers are wind pollinated, which is a hit-a-few, miss-a-lot affair. What accounts for their success?
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Definition
| large amounts of pollen grains |
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Term
| A plant with a white flower that emits a strong scent after dark is likely pollinated by a: |
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Definition
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Term
As summer approaches, your neighbor asks you to give him some advice on which plants to add to his garden in order to attract some hummingbirds. He has five varieties but cannot remember their names and so describes them. Which would be best based on your knowledge of pollination?
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Definition
| a tubular, bright red flower that has no discernible scent |
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Term
| Transfer of the male gametes from one tree's flower to the stigma of a flower on a distant tree of the same species achieves: |
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Definition
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Term
| A friend of yours dug up his tulip bulbs in the fall and kept them in a plastic bag in the kitchen cupboard all winter. Why did they NOT flower after he planted them the next spring? |
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Definition
| Flowering will occur only if dormancy is broken by the cold. |
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Term
| A researcher studying seed development in a plant put bags over all the flowers to ensure pollination. Yet none of the flowers set seed. Which is NOT a possible explanation? |
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Definition
| The flowers were perfect and self-compatible. |
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Term
| A possible evolutionary advantage of cross pollination between plants of the same species is that it: |
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Definition
| increases the chance of new gene combinations. |
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Term
Which is NOT a source of genetic diversity?
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Definition
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Term
A plant species that is dioecious includes plants that:
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Definition
| have either carpellate or staminate flowers, not both. |
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Term
A plant that is self-incompatible must be pollinated by pollen from:
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Definition
| another plant of the same species. |
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Term
Corn plants have tassels that produce the pollen and ears that produce the grain. Corn has _____________ flowers and are ______________ plants.
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
How would you describe a species that has imperfect, dioecious flowers?
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Definition
| Flowers are staminate or pistillate with the two flower types existing on separate plants. |
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Term
If a plant has perfect flowers, but is self-incompatible what would you have to do to keep the plant from pollinating and fertilizing itself during a cross breeding experiment?
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Definition
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Term
| In order to successfully pass its genes onto the next generation, the male gametophyte of a flowering plant, must first: |
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Definition
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Term
Pea plants routinely self pollinate even before the flowers are completely open. What would you need to do to cross pollinate two different varieties of pea plants and avoid self-pollination? Remove the______________ from the flowers that are to produce seeds.
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Definition
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Term
Perfect flowers can NEVER:
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Definition
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Term
| In a single flower, pollen grains from an anther fall on the stigma of the same flower, but pollen grains fail to grow. What term best describes this phenomenon? |
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Definition
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Term
A perfect flower possesses which of the following?
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Definition
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Term
| A monoecious plant species would have _____________ located on ___________. |
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Definition
| male and female flowers / the same plant |
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Term
In flowering plants, the two polar nuclei of the ovule fuse with a sperm nucleus of the pollen to produce:
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Definition
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Term
Which statement correctly describes double-fertilization in flowering plants?
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Definition
| One fertilization creates the zygote, the other the endosperm. |
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Term
What is the result of double fertilization?
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Definition
| a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm |
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Term
Where does fertilization occur on the generalized plant life cycle diagram below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Which letter in the plant general sexual life cycle represents the egg and sperm?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
A beehive with colony collapse disorder is characterized by:
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Definition
| only the queen, immature bees and honey remain |
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Term
Colony collapse disorder is only a problem in the U.S.
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Definition
| No, it is a global problem. |
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Term
Approximately ________ of U.S. commercial hives have disappeared due to colony collapse disorder.
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Definition
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Term
| A contributing factor to colony collapse disorder and the loss of honeybees is: |
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Definition
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Term
Which describes the fruit pictured below?
[image] |
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Definition
| simple, dehiscent, dry fruit |
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Term
For plants, dispersal through time:
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Definition
| has a payoff if the environment changes. |
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Term
| The next time you are handled a dish of green beans at the dinner table and asked if you care for some vegetables, you can explain that the bean pods are actually fruits that developed from the __________ of the bean flower, and the seeds inside them developed from the ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
Which is not a seed dispersal agent?
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds?
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Definition
| cross-pollination by bats |
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Term
Which produce fruits for dispersal of the seeds from the sporophyte?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Putting a ripe banana in a bag with unripe tomatoes will:
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Definition
| accelerate ripening in the tomatoes, as a result of ethylene released from the banana. |
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Term
Which statement about the development of a flowering plant is TRUE?
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Definition
The ovary may become the attractant to animal dispersers.
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Term
A raspberry is an example of what kind of seed dispersal?
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Definition
| animal dispersal by droppings |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the dispersal of seeds?
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Definition
| bats cross-pollinating flowers |
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Term
| The ripening of fruits may provide an advantage to a plant because a ripe fruit: |
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Definition
| allows for more effective seed dispersal. |
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Term
The endosperm in a seed results from the union of a sperm nucleus with:
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Definition
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Term
Pollen grains carry ___________ that fertilize the _________.
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Definition
| 2 sperm nuclei / egg and 2 polar nuclei |
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Term
Which of the tissues in the diagram of the flower below will develop into the fleshy portion of a fruit that you might consume ?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
The part of a peanut that people eat is (are) actually ________ that developed by cell divisions from a cell that resulted from the fusion of __________ during fertilization.
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Definition
| cotyledons / a sperm and two polar nuclei |
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Term
In the simple fruit that will form after fertilization shown below, the cotyledons will develop from __________ and the flesh of the fruit will develop from ___________.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is one reason dispersal is an important part of the plant’s life strategies? |
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Definition
| Allows offspring to avoid competition with their successful parent. |
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Term
Which of the following is true about the commercial application of plant hormones?
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Definition
| Gibberellic acid sprayed on grape vines results in longer stems and larger grapes. |
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Term
| Commercial tomato varieties that do NOT produce their own ethylene are valuable because: |
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Definition
| they don't ripen until they are forced to by ethylene treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a cycle plants go through each year before producing flowers. |
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Term
Traditional agricultural methods as practiced in less developed countries:
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Definition
| generally don’t include use of sophisticated farm machinery. |
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Term
Which is NOT a characteristic of modern agricultural techniques?
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Definition
| Is human labor intensive. |
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Term
| Although the "Green Revolution" has raised yields, some of the management practices encouraged the spread and/or severity of plant diseases. Which of the following management practices does NOT encourage the spread and/or severity of plant diseases? |
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Definition
| Maintenance of genetic variety among crop plants. |
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Term
According to your readings and discussion concerning world agriculture and hunger, which statement is FALSE?
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Definition
Agricultural technologies that work well and are productive in temperate areas always work well in tropical areas.
I |
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Term
As the world’s human population becomes larger, we may need to take several steps to solve our critical food supply problem. Which is only a short-term solution?
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Definition
| Food producing nations could give their excess to poor nations. |
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Term
In order for the “Green Revolution” to succeed among the poor farmers in developing countries, we would need to:
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Definition
develop higher yielding local crops that require less energy and money to grow.
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Term
Which statement comparing Illinois agriculture to the traditional agriculture of developing countries is TRUE?
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Definition
In Illinois, farmers make up a smaller proportion of the population.
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Term
Which statement about the "Green Revolution" is TRUE?
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Definition
| As a result of the Green Revolution, the standard of living has been raised substantially in some parts of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| will not be likely to suffer great loss from one disease. |
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Term
Which statement about the production and use hybrid seed plants is TRUE?
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Definition
| The widespread use of hybrids has led to the extinction of local varieties. |
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Term
Which decreases with modern agricultural practices?
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Definition
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Term
Irrigation of desert soils results in a greater yield followed by years of declining yields because:
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Definition
| evaporation of irrigated water draws salts to the surface of the soil poisoning the soil. |
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Term
Which of the following is TRUE?
All developing countries could make use of modern agricultural practices.
Developing countries are more concerned in producing food crops rather than cash crops.
All countries that cannot grow corn, soybeans, wheat or rice import them.
All cash crops are food crops.
A greater portion of the population in developing countries are involved in agriculture than in developed countries.
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Definition
A greater portion of the population in developing countries are involved in agriculture than in developed countries.
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Term
One way conservation tillage improves soil is by:
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Definition
| reducing the soil compaction around roots by reducing the passes over the field by equipment. |
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Term
A re-evaluation of our methods to control insect pests is resulting in a development of pest control strategies that avoid ecological contamination. Which is an example of this kind of control?
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Definition
| introducing predatory insects |
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Term
| Hypoxic areas that develop in the Gulf of Mexico can be connected to: |
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Definition
| nitrogen runoff from Midwest farms into the Mississippi. |
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Term
A pond that is eutrophic,:
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Definition
| experiences an initial increase of algal growth. |
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Term
In a pond that is NOT eutrophic, growth of algae populations is most limited by which factor?
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Definition
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Term
The reason fish die and community structure changes as a result of eutrophication (the process that produces regions like the "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico) is:
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Definition
| decomposers use up oxygen. |
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Term
Where do Dead Zones occur and why?
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Definition
| Dead Zones are ocean areas near the mouths of rivers where the ecosystem has collapsed. |
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Term
The upwelling of nutrient rich, but oxygen poor, water from the deep oceans can cause:
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Definition
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Term
Which action by an individual would reduce the amount of methane in the atmosphere?
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Definition
| Eat less meat or buy locally produced meat. |
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