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| A socially constructed ideal of beauty supported by advertising and other media images. |
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| A network of industries devoted to the social construction of beauty, including consumer magazines, fashion events, and beauty product manufacturers. |
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| The primary Indian movie industry. Indian directors and producers do not necessarily embrace this term because they do not like to see their movie industry described as secondary to Hollywood. |
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| Bottom-of-the-Pyramid (BOP) |
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| The 4 billion people in the world (nearly 2/3 of the world’s population) who live on less than $2 a day. |
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| celebrity/star (ascribed, achieved, attributed) |
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| A persona that is both a commodity to be bought and sold and a vehicle for creating social meaning. |
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| Collective intentionality |
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| According to John Searle, we are born not only with an individual capacity to shape our individual actions, but with a need to be part of a group and to shape our intentions to group intentions. Our participation in a group activity, such as game playing or economic exchange, is collective rather than individual. |
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| The seemingly magical properties of consumer objects that go beyond their mere use value. |
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| The transformation of things into commodities, objects to be bought and sold. |
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| In the theory of the social construction of reality, constitutive rules create forms of social action. Constitutive rules are different than regulative rules, which impose conditions on prior forms of activity. |
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| Large media companies own several types of media outlets (book publishing, radio stations, film studios). Thus, they can promote and deliver content across all of these outlets. Convergence can be technological (delivering content across multiple platforms) and economic (resources are shared among media outlets). |
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| The recent trend has been for a few large multinational media companies to buy up smaller outlets. Thus, through mergers and acquisitions media is increasingly consolidated in the hands of a few companies. |
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| A license whereby a creator determines the use of his or her own work. A freer version of intellectual property than copyright. |
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| The theory that if the media continually presents a certain view of the world, that audiences will come to believe that this view is reality. |
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| The transformation of more authoritarian societies to societies based on the self-determining power of citizens. |
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| Usually refers to the notion that economic trade should be free of state interference. Governmental rules imposed on the economic system are withdrawn. |
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| The idea that corporations can profit by selling to the world’s poor, and at the same time help the poor out of poverty. |
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| the legal right of ownership over any original work of authorship in a fixed medium of expression |
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| Corporate social responsibility |
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| The notion that corporations should not be solely driven by profit, but also by ethics and social values. Most large corporations have corporate responsibility statements, but some critics view such statements as pure cynicism, disguising the true profit motive |
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| A controversial theory that the spread of cultural forms, from hip-hop to Hollywood blockbusters, has been driven by the commercial and political interests of Western powers, such as the United States. The fear is that the spread of these forms threatens local cultures and identities. |
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| Exceptions to copyright rules that allow free use |
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| An important component of media marketing, fans shape the production, distribution and reception of media content. |
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| Major movie studios have worldwide distribution networks that ensure the smooth export and advertising of their products. |
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| A type of film shaped according to expected formulas, such as science fiction or romantic comedy. |
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| This term may seem obvious, but the important take-away is that Hollywood movie-making is often a global enterprise, with actors, movie effects, settings, music, and start-up funding coming from many locations around the world. |
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| First-tier media institutions |
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| Primary news outlets owned by media conglomerates. |
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| A repeated set of elements, such as plot, character, and setting. |
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| A formula, owned by a media company, that is licensed to another broadcaster in another territory |
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| Four Freedoms (Free Software Foundation) |
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| the proposed freedoms to study, apply, redistribute and modify media content. |
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| An authorization to sell a company’s products in another location |
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| The roles we assign to things in our social reality |
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| Because media companies investigate and select the content to be delivered, they act as gatekeepers, deciding what we can see and hear |
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| A complex phenomenon that has transformed major sports into global profit-making engines through a combination of promotion, celebrity, product endorsement and media coverage. |
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| A creative work consisting entirely of other works; a creative work made up entirely of samples. |
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| : A student-led movement to revise restrictive copyright laws. |
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| Large multinational media companies that own many media properties. |
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| Traditional Functions of Media |
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| Information, entertainment, advertising |
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| Communications researchers have long been interested in the effects of media, especially on children. They have proposed different theories about how the media affects us. Some have believed that the media has a strong, hypnotic effect while others have been more interested in how audiences consume media for their own uses. |
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| The notion that countries can be branded like consumer goods in order to attract tourism and business investment |
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| This term usually refers to economic (rather than social) liberalism. It refers to economic policies of free trade, the promotion of capitalism worldwide, and the association of capitalism with democracy. |
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| The Nigerian movie industry |
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| An economic system dominated by a few wealthy traders |
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| National governments may regulate media in three ways: censoring content, imposing rules over media ownership, and protecting intellectual property |
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| In the theory of the social construction of reality, regulative rules are social conditions imposed on prior forms of activity |
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| Remix vs. Permission Culture |
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| The idea that cultural creativity comes from modifying prior cultural forms, and that a culture that restricts this flow too much (ie. through copyright) restricts creativity. |
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| The formal description of a media format owned by a corporation as intellectual property. |
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| Taking a clip of music and using it in another musical composition. |
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| : Small news outlets that interpret and analyze news from first-tier media outlets. Alternative media fit into this category, as would news blogs. |
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| The theory (ie. through John Searle) that we exist in a social world that shapes our most fundamental beliefs and behaviors and our view of reality. Some things, like money, marriage, and citizenship, could not exist at all without a collective intention to treat them as real and meaningful |
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| As a sociological idea, taste is associated with 1) individual choice among many choices, 2) a pre-existing menu of choices provided by a culture, and 3) a form of practical knowledge on how to live and succeed in that culture |
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| U.N. Convention on the Promotion and Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expression |
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| a treaty to protect cultural diversity in the face of globalization and free trade, opposed by the U.S. which wants to see cultural products treated as economic goods. |
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| The theory that people consume media for their own purposes, such as surveillance of the environment, social interaction, entertainment, understanding identity, and decision making. |
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| A Chinese narrative form that features a noble, wandering swordsman (or woman) who is often seeking to take revenge and restore his or her honor |
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| U.S. State Department-sponsored musical tours during the Cold War. |
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| famous musicians cooperating in concerts to raise funds and awareness for social issues |
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| when music or art carries a direct or indirect message about current events and controversies |
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| began in New York in the late 70s, includes rapping, MCing, graffiti, breakdancing, fashion, slang. |
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| The result of convergence and consolidation: EMI, Universal Music, SONY/BMG, Warner Music. |
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| artists or recordings that cross expected boundaries of race, genre, religion, etc. |
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