Term
| an altered immune response to an antigen that results in harm to an individual |
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Definition
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Term
| hypersensitivity reactions are classified primarily by the type of _ resulting from contact with the allergen |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
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Definition
| anaphylaxis and transfusion reactions |
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Term
| typical delayed response: |
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Definition
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Term
| typically atopic, meaning they have a strong genetic predisposition |
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Definition
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Term
| atopic reactions are the rsult of localized, rather than systemic _ mediated responses to an allergen |
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Definition
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Term
| atopic reactions are prompted by contact of the allergen with IgE in the |
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Definition
| bronchial tree, nasal mucosa, and the conjuctival tissues |
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Term
| allergens commonly associated with atopic reactions (asthma, hay fever) are |
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Definition
| pollens, fungal spores, house dust mites, animal dander and chemical such as penicillin |
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Term
| systemic responses such as _ may occur with type I hypersensitivity responses |
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Definition
| anaphylaxis, urticaria, angioedema, rhinits, conjunctivitis, and bronchial asthma |
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Term
| a type II hypersensitivity response may result in |
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Definition
| transfusion reaction, ABO incompatibility, autoimmune anemia, neutropenia, or antiGBM disease |
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Term
| in type II hypersensitivity response symptoms such as _ may be present |
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Definition
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Term
| Common hypersensitivity reactions such as _ are typical of type I hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| allergic asthma, allergic rhinits, allergic conjunctivitis, hives and anaphylactic shock |
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Term
| Type I hypersensitivity reacition: |
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Definition
| IgE mediated hypersensitivity |
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Term
| triggered when an allergen interacts with freeIgE causing IgE to bind to mast cells and basophils |
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Definition
| IgE mediated hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Exposure to an allergen that initiates a type I hypersensitivity reaction can occur through |
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Definition
| ingestion of a food or medication, injection of a medication, inhalation of a triggering substance or absorption via skin contact |
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Term
| an acute systemic type I response that may result in shock and death |
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Definition
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Term
| Beginning symptoms of anaphylaxis |
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Definition
| sense of forebodin or uneasiness, light-headedness, itching palms and scalp |
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Term
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Definition
| hives, angiodema of the eyelids, lips, tongue, hands, feet and genitals, |
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Term
| swelling form anaphylaxis can also affect the _ impairing breathing |
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Definition
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Term
| anaphylaxis is complicated by _ the patient will exhibit _ |
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Definition
| bronchial constriction; air hunger, stridor and wheezing and a barking cough |
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Term
| vasodilation and fluid loss from the vascular system caused by anaphylaxis can lead to |
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Definition
| impaired tissue perfusion and hypotension (anaphylactic shock) |
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Term
| characteristic type ii hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| hemolytic transfusion reaction |
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Term
| Type ii hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
| cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
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Term
| IgG or IgM type antibodies are formed to a cell bound antigen such as the ABO or Rh antige, the biding of these antibodies with the antigen activates the complement cascade resulting in destruction of the targe cell |
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Definition
| antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
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Term
| cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction causes _ of the newborn |
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Definition
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Term
| type ii reactions may be stimulated by an exogenous antigen such as |
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Definition
| foreign tissue or cells or by a drug reaction |
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Term
| _ stops the cytotoxic reation and cell destruction |
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Definition
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Term
| Endogenous antigens can also stimulate a type ii reaction resulting in an _ |
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Definition
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Term
| example of autoimmune type ii reactions |
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Definition
| anti-GBM disease, hashimoto thyroiditis and autoimmmune hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| Type iii hypersensitivity reation |
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Definition
| complex-mediated hypersitivity |
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Term
| reactions result from the formation of IgG or IgM antibody antigen immune complexes in the circulatory system |
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Definition
| immune complex mediated hypersensitivity |
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Term
| both _ may be seen withtype iii reations |
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Definition
| systemic and local responses |
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Term
| manifestations fo serum sickness include |
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Definition
| fever, urticaria or rash, arthralgias, myalgias and lymphadenopathy |
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Term
| serum sickness still occurs in response to some drugs such as |
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Definition
| penicillin and sulfonamides |
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Term
| localized response to type iii hypersensitivit most often affect the |
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Definition
| kidneys, joints and small blood vesses of the skin |
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Term
| serum sickness is related to |
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Definition
| type iii hypersensitivity |
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Term
| type IV hypersensitivity is a _ immune response and involve t cells fo the immune system |
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Definition
| cell mediated immune response |
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Term
| latex allergy may include items of |
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Definition
| sterile gloves, blood pressure cuffs, bulb syringes, CPR mannequins, endotracheal tubes, iv bags, personal protective equipment, reflex hammers, torniquest and vascular stockingings |
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Term
| products int he home and community that are commonly made of latex include |
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Definition
| balloons, carpet backing, chewing gum, condoms, diapers, diaphragms, elastic in clothing, pacifiers and rubber bands |
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Term
| children and adults most at risk for latex allergy include those with |
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Definition
| spina bifida, congenital urolic, GI and tracheoesophageal defects, multiple surgeries, diabetes requiring insulin, history of atopy |
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Term
| individuals who are allergic to latex also have ahigh incidence of allergy to certian foods including |
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Definition
| kiwi fruit, bannanas, tomatoes, bellpeppers stone fruits and avacados |
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Term
| type ii reactions are primarly mediated by _ antibodies that are bound to cell surface antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| type III reactions are mdiated by souluble immune complexes and mostly involve |
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Definition
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Term
| antigens causing a type II reaction may be |
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Definition
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Term
| Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by _ rather than antibodies and are involved in the development of many autoimmun and infections diseases |
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Definition
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Term
| factors associated with the development and severity of anaphylaxis include |
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Definition
| older age, lung diseas, antigen's rout of entry, amount of antigen introduced rate of absorption for the antigen and degree of indivdual hypersentsitivity |
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Term
| typical manifestations of type I reaction |
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Definition
| hypotension, wheezing, GI or uterine spasm, stridor or urticaria |
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Term
| reactions are tissue specific |
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Definition
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Term
| type II reactions usually include |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Type III reaction manifests with |
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Definition
| urticaria, fever and joint pain |
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Term
| _ reactions are delayed and variable |
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Definition
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Term
| Type IV reaction manifestations |
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Definition
| fever, erythema and itching |
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Term
| mild hypersensitivity reaction can cause symptoms such as |
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Definition
| rhinits, water or itchy eyes or a scratch throat |
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Term
| _ are associated with moderate hypersensivity reactions of the skin |
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Definition
| urticaria and contact dermatitis |
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Term
| moderated hypersensitivity reaction caused by food include |
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Definition
| urticaria, tinglin of the mouth or lips and GI symptoms |
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Term
| With type I hypersensitivity respons _ takes highest priority followed by _ |
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Definition
| maintaining airway; cardiac output |
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Term
| Type II hypersensitivity reaction may necessitate aggressive managemnt of _ or renal failure |
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Definition
| bleeding or renal failure |
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Term
| a type III reaction is treated by _ the offendign antigen and _ the inflammatory respons |
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Definition
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Term
| this tes measure the amount of IgE directed toward specific allergens |
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Definition
| Radioallergosorbent test (rast) |
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Term
| this test detects the presence of circulating antibodies agains RBCs |
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Definition
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Term
| this test detects antibodies on the paitent's RBBCs that damage and destroy the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| these tests may be performed to detect the presence of circulating immune complexes in supsected thype iii hypersensitivity responses |
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Definition
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Term
| In some cases a negative resulte of immun complex assays indicate serious damage such as |
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Definition
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Term
| a drop of diluted allergenic extract is placed on the skin and the skin is then pricked or punctured through the drop |
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Definition
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Term
| the response time for prick test is |
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Definition
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Term
| for food allergy test, patient is asked to keep a food diary for _ |
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Definition
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Term
| the major class of drugs used in treating the symptoms of hypersensitivity responses particularly, type I reactions such as allergic rhinits or mild food allergy |
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Definition
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Term
| the prototype antihistamin is |
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Definition
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Term
| antihistamines may _ asthmatic responses to allergens |
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Definition
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Term
| antihistamins are classified as |
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Definition
| first and second generation |
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Term
| second generation antihistamines do not cause |
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Definition
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Term
| routes of administration for antihistamines include |
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Definition
| oral, intranasal, opthalmic solution for the eyes |
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Term
| antihistamines are often used along with a decongestant such as _ to improve their decongestant activity and counteract their sedative effect |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibit the relase of histamin from sensitized mast cells |
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Definition
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Term
| a mast cell stabilizer used to treat allergic rhinits |
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Definition
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Term
| mast cell stabilizers are administered via |
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Definition
| opthalmic solution, inhalaion via nebulizer, intranasally |
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Term
| other mast cell stabilizers include _ all of which are ophtalamic solutions used to treat the itchy, red eyes of allergic rhinitis |
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Definition
| ketotifen, nedocromil, lodoxamide |
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Term
| block the action of inflammatory chemicals relased by the body in response to allergens |
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Definition
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Term
| these medications reduce inflammation and nasal congestion associated with allergies and prevent airway constriction associated with asthma |
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Definition
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Term
| luekotrene modifiers includ |
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Definition
| motelukast, zafirlukast and zilueton |
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Term
| side effects of leukotriene modifiers include f |
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Definition
| fever, nausea, headache and nasal congestion |
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Term
| used in both topical and system forms for many types of hypersensitivity responses |
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Definition
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Term
| a short course of intravenous or oral corticosteroid therapy often is used for |
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Definition
| sever asthma, allergic contact dermatitis and some immune complex disorders |
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Term
| long term use of oral corticosteroids cna cause an |
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Definition
| increase in blood glucose level, wasting of the muscles in the extremitis, weakness and deposition of the face and neck |
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Term
| a monoclonal antibody that is approved for use by patinets with steroid-dependent astma and high IgE values who have not achieved adequate results with immunotherapy |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits type I hypersensitivity reactions by binidng to ree-floating IgE, thereby preventing IgE from biding to the mast cell |
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Definition
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Term
| other monoclonal antibodies used to treat asthma include administered sub q from a prefilled syringe |
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Definition
| beralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab |
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Term
| xolair may exhibit _ within 48 hours of receiving the medication but these episodes are very rare |
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Definition
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Term
| has been shown to provide benefit to individuals with asthma who have a high esinophil count |
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Definition
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Term
| an alternate way to treat allergies and asthma without the patient having to reveive allergy shots |
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Definition
| sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) |
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Term
| the allergens that SLIT therapy targets are very specific and include |
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Definition
| grass pollens, ragweed pollen, dust mites |
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Term
| _ takes highest priority for the patient with acute anaphylactic reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| because anaphylaxis places the individual at risk for vasomotor collaspe and significant hypotension, it is necessary to insert an IV line and initiated fluid rescitation with an isotonic solution such as |
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Definition
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Term
| _ is a member of the same plant family as ragweed and chrysantehmum so individuals with allergies to these plants should avoid using these products |
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Definition
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Term
| order of interventions for airway compromised anaphylaxis |
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Definition
administer o2
maintain airway
administer epinephrin
provide reassurance |
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