Term
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Definition
| Water changing phase from liquid to gas |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants do this to circulate water through their system |
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Term
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Definition
| ET - Climate will affect local ET |
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Term
| Water Budget (Transfer Budget) |
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Definition
Precipitation
Subsurface flow
Surface runoff
Evaporation
Transpiration |
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Term
| Water Budget (Storage Elements) |
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Definition
Oceans
Snow/ice
Groundwater
Soil water (unsaturated)
lakes, rivers
atmosphere
biological (humans are 70% water) |
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Term
| Units of measure in hydrology |
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Definition
English units
Metric units (mks, cgs)
unit conversions
dimensional analysis |
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Term
|
Definition
97.5% water is unusable salt water
2.5% fresh water (most locked up in Arctic and antarctic (1.7%)
.77% is accessible and fresh |
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Term
|
Definition
70% - snow/ice
30% - groundwater
<1% - rivers, lakes, streams |
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Term
| Generalized water budgets |
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Definition
P=Q+ET+changeGW+changeSM
P=precipitation
Q=surface runoff
ET=Evapotranspiration
(change)GW+Change in groundwater storage
(change)SM=Change in Soil Moisture Storage |
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Term
|
Definition
Starts w/precipitation
- Mediterranean
- Dry warm-hot summers
- Cool wet winters
Storm patterns
- Pacific storm fronts
(winter)
- Summer orographic storms
over mountains. |
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Term
| Seasonal & Geographic Rainfall Distribution |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The land area that is drained by a river (mountains cause a topographic divide). |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller channel that feeds into the main channel |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of tributaries and main channel. |
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Term
|
Definition
USGS has a large network of gauging station to measure stream flow.
- Many stations send data
back via satellite. |
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Term
|
Definition
- The elevation of the water surface above an arbitrary datum.
- measured at gauging stations.
- Changes in stage reflect change in discharge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Q is the amount of water that flows through a cross section of stream in a given amount of time. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Using Stage & Discharge Leads to a Rating Curve |
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Definition
| Construct a rating curve to relate water stage to discharge for a particular stream. |
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Term
| Constructing a Hydrograph |
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Definition
- A hydrograph is a useful summary of a streams discharge.
- A hydrograph is often accompanied by a hyetograph, which records precipitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (across the top)Peak Rain, lag time; (y axis) rainfall & discharge; (x axis) Time;(curve) rising limb, peak discharge, falling limb. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response of a river to a rainstorm depends on shape |
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Term
|
Definition
- Probability of having a flood in any given year.
- P=(1/R1)*100
- R1 is the recurrence interval
- P= (1/4)*100=25% |
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Term
|
Definition
The study of water:
- surface water
- groundwater
- soil physics
- engineering |
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Term
|
Definition
Natural systems
- water shed (drainage
basin)
Engineered Systems
- irrigation districts
- municipal water systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| - precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail) |
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Term
|
Definition
| - infiltration (entry of water into the soil surface) |
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Term
|
Definition
- subsurface flow (saturated flow (gw). All pores or voids are completely full of water. Can have unsaturated flow:
- pores or voids are partially full.
- water moves through connected films. |
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Term
|
Definition
Surface runoff:
- Rivers
- Canals
- Overland flow (sheet flow)
- Streams
- Perennial
- Intermittent (flows when
it rains).
- Ephemeral (seasonal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evaporation/Transpiration (ET) |
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Term
|
Definition
- Processes
- Storage Elements |
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Term
|
Definition
- Either subcritical, critical, or supercritical.
- Froude # is >1 for superficial
- Froude # = inertial/gravitational force
for example, surfing on the sar river. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Rain or snow (precipitation)
- Groundwater recharge through seeps into ground via infiltration. |
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Term
|
Definition
Most groundwater stored between pore spaces between clasts.
- pores in upper generally unsaturated.
- pores below are saturated zone
- the top of the saturated zone is the water table. |
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Term
| Effects of Urbanization on Infiltration |
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Definition
- significantly reduces infiltration
- chances of flooding increased so Cities build retention ponds. |
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Term
|
Definition
A body of geologic material that stores and can transmit significant amounts of groundwater.
- must be porous and permeable. |
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Term
|
Definition
Porosity is the % of open pore space.
350ml water into 1000 ml sand=3.5% porosity.
- well sorted clasts do not fit tightly=high porosity.
- poorly sorted clasts fit more tightly=low porosity |
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Term
|
Definition
Ability to allow fluid to flow through the material.
-Well sorted clasts-grains all same size-high porosity.
-poorly sorted materials=low porosity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| high porosity (can have high permeability) |
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Term
|
Definition
| low porosity has compacted clay (low permeability) |
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Term
| Loosely Cemented Gravel (coarse grain) |
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Definition
| High porosity (high permeability) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low prosity, light pores not connected (low permeability). |
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Term
|
Definition
- A body of geologic material that does not allow gw to flow through it.
- Can have high porosity
THE KEY IS MUST HAVE LOW PERMIABILITY |
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Term
| Factors affecting infiltration |
|
Definition
- Soil texture
- slope of topography
- soil animals: creating pores
- precipitation patterns (hydrolic conditions)
- vegetation density |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It's not jut about the type of material but also how compacted it is. |
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Term
|
Definition
| fast runoff - poor infiltration |
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Term
|
Definition
| groundwater surface saturated - poor infiltration |
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Term
|
Definition
Can help infiltration
roots can create micro topo, which helps. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most major river systems coming from north and originating in high elevation in the mountains |
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Term
|
Definition
1) where is this a dominant process=Dessert
2) Transpiration follows vegetation pattern. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ranges from coastal redwoods to native oaks. |
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Term
|
Definition
1) ET estimates based on crop water usage
2) Native vegetation ET less certain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1) Most gw found in alluvial basins and valleys. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Porosity (large pore space)
- Permeabiity (connected pores) |
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Term
|
Definition
- large regional basins
- smaller valley basins |
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Term
| CA is altering its hydrology |
|
Definition
Managed water systems:
- storage and conveyance systems support inter-basin transfers.
- natural system water balances must be adjusted. |
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Term
| Chico Flood Protection System |
|
Definition
Sycamore/Mud Creek Diversion:
- completed by USACOE in 1966
- significantly changed the natural hydrology of the area.
Diversions are designed to handle flows up to 16,000 cfs.
ART= above rating table |
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Term
| Big Chico Box Culvert (1st) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Sycamore/Mud Creek Wier (3rd) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the most significant meaure of a streams ability to perform geomorphic work. Measuring and characterizing the patterns of stream discharge are of parmount importance in env planning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Discharge is commonly measured in cubic feet per second or cubic meters per second. |
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Term
|
Definition
| supplemented by direct measurements of stream velocity (V) and cross-sectional area (A), the product of which is discharge (Q=AV). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Velocity is measured with a "current meter," an instrument with a series of small cups propelled by the flow of the stream. These direct velocity measurements are made at a number of points (10 or 20) across the channel, usually from a bridge or a cable-way suspended across the stream. At each point, the depth and width between successive points is also measured. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of measuring the width, depth, and velocity to get the discharge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accurate estimates of stream discharge are needed to determine the amount of water available for municipal, industrial, or agricultural use; for planning purposes and engineering design; and for understanding many geomorphic processes. |
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Term
|
Definition
relates the water stage to the discharge for that specific stream. The direct measurements of V and area (hence discharge) are correlated to stage measurements to create the stream's rating curve. Requires several years of data.
y axis=stage
x axis=discharge |
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Term
|
Definition
The most useful summary of a stream's discharge pattern. This is a graphic presentation of the variation in stream discharge over a specified period of time. The time scale can range from seconds or hours up to days, months, or years. Often a hydrograph is constructed to show a stream's response to an individual storm event or to the annual pattern of precipitation recorded in the drainage basin. Often accompanied by hyetographs.
Hydrograph:
y axis= rainfall and discharge
x axis= time
bell curve: rising limb, peak discharge, falling limb.
Across top: peak rain, lag time, peak discharge |
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Term
|
Definition
| Record precipitation over specific units of time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the lag time from peak rainfall intensity to peak stream discharge. |
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Term
| Relationship between rising limb and recession limb. |
|
Definition
| The shapes of the rising and recession limbs (that is, the rapidity of the stream response) reflect both the precip and runoff processes in the basin, as well as the general nature of the vegetation and soil cover. Very steep limbs suggest intense rainfall and rapid runoff, typical of "flashy" streams. By contrast, gradual rising limbs and recession limbs characterize "subdued" hydrographs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| useful info about the drainage basin's characteristics given by log time. This is the time difference between the "center mass of precip" and the peak runoff rate. Log time provides another measure of the basin's response to a storm event. Flashy systems have shorter lag times and higher peak discharges than subdued systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
Involves the statistical estimation of the probability of a flood occurring.
P=(1/4)*100=25% |
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Term
| Difference between CMP and CMR? |
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Definition
| Has to do with terrain elevation, steepness and vegetation which plays a role in how long it takes rainfall to get to the main channel. |
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Term
|
Definition
Sparse vegetation - poor infiltration
Dense vegetation: Good infiltration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- similar to land surface but more subdued.
- GW flows down slope of Water Table and mimicks the topo of the land. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Entry of water into the soil surface.
- Why do we care?
- Surface runoff: rivers, streams overland flooding. |
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|
Term
| Factors Affecting Infiltration |
|
Definition
1)surface material composition: gravel(good infil), sand(moderate infil), clay(poor infil):
- how compacted it is.
- type of material.
2) Slope of topography:
- steep: much runoff, poor infiltration.
- Gentle: little runoff, much infiltration.
3) Precipitation Patterns:
- heavy precip: ground suface saturated, poor infil.
4) Vegetation Density:
- sparse veg: poor infil
- dense veg: good infil |
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Term
| Effects of infiltration on urbanization |
|
Definition
1) infiltration significantly reduced.
2) chances of flooding increase
3) one solution: build in places to collect water and allow infiltration = retention ponds. |
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Term
|
Definition
1) open channel flow is either subcritical, critical or supercritical.
2) When the froude number >1 you get super critical.
3) When the Froude number = inertial force/gravitational force. |
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Term
|
Definition
1) precipitation (rain/snow)
2) infiltration:gw recharges through seeps into ground via infiltration.
3) reach water table and saturated zone
4) most gw stored in pore spaces, between clasts. Poors in upper generally unsaturated. Pores below are saturated zone. Top of saturated zone is the water table.
5) unsaturated=not filled w/water.
6) saturated=filled w/water (every pore) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water changing phase from liquid to gas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants do this to circulate water through there system. |
|
|
Term
Water Budgets:
(transfer vs storage) |
|
Definition
Transfer:
1) precipitation
2) surface runoff
3) evaporation
4) transpiration
Storage Elements:
1) Oceans
2) snow/ice
3) gw
4) soil water (unsaturated)
5) lakes, rivers
6) atmosphere
7) biological
(humans store/70%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) English units
2) Metric Units (mks, cgs)
3) Unit conversions
4) Dimensional Analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
97.5% unusable salt water
2.5% fresh water (most locked up in Arctic/Antarctic)(1.7%)
.77% accessible and fresh
FRESHWATER:
70% snow/ice
30% gw
<1% rivers, lakes, streams |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Water Budgets |
|
Definition
P=Q+ET+(change)GW+(change)SM
Q=discharge (surface runoff)
P=precip
ET=evapotranspiration
(change gw)= change in gw storage
(change sm)=change in soil moisture storage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) start w/precip.
- Mediterranean
- dry warm-hot summers
- cool wet winters
2) storm patterns
- pacific storm front (winter)
- summer orographic storms over mountains.
3) Seasonal and geographic rainfall distribution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drainage basin/watershed= the land area that is drained by a river. Mountains cause a topographic devide. |
|
|
Term
| Tributary & Drainage Network |
|
Definition
1) Tributary=smaller channel that feeds into the main channel.
2) Drainage network - combination of tributaries and main channel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) USGS has large networks of gauging stations to measure stream flow.
- many stations send data back via satellite.
2) Stage
- the elevation of the water surface above an arbitrary datum.
- measured at gauging stations.
- changes in stage reflect change in discharge (flow of river).
3) Discharge = the amount of water that flows through a channel in a given amount of time.
Discharge formula: Q=D*W*V=Area*Velocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The study of water:
- surface water
- ground water (hydrogeology)
- soil physics
- engineering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) natural systems
- watershed (drainage basin)
2) engineered systems
- irrigation districts
- municipal water systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Processes
2) Storage Elements
1) Processes:
- precip (rain, snow, sleet, hail)
- infil (entry of water into the soil surface)
- subsurface flow (saturated flow gw). All pores or voids are completely full of water. Can have unsaturated flow: - pores or voids are partially full.
- water moves through connected film.
- Surface Runoff:rivers, stream (perennial, intermittent (flows when it rains), Ephemeral (seasonal)); canals; overland flow (sheetflow).
- ET
- Storage Elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flow from water table into river/stream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formula:
RI=(N+1)/M
N=number of years of record
M=ranked value for a given peak discharge. |
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