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Hunt's Learning Objectives Block 5
Just the ones that I don't instantly know when reading
49
Microbiology
Graduate
02/28/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
acute viral encephalitis
Definition
encephalitic arbovirus-->mc type, patient recovers or dies
Term
Sporadic Necrotizing Viral encephalitis
Definition
herpes simplex=emergency b/c affects temporal lobes and can be treated with acyclovir
Term
Subacute encephalitis
Definition
measles and SSPE this is very rare and occurs years after the acute viral syndrome
Term
Post-infectious viral encephalitis
Definition
measles This is rare it occurs about one week after the acute infection
Term
viral meningitis in summer and fall
Definition
non-polio enteroviruses like echo, coxsackie A and B, enterovirueses
Term
Viral meningitis in the pre vaccine era in the winter and spring
Definition
mumps
Term
Meningoencephalitis in the summer and fall in the US
Definition
arboviruses
Term
Major cause pf non-arboviral zoonotic agent of encephalitis globally
Definition
Rabies
Term
Herepesviral encephalitis
Definition
the only serious viral CNS syndrome for which specific antiviral therapy is effective in reducing morbitity and mortality when promptly administered
-about 70% are fatal ifuntreated
-diagnose with RT-PCR which is more rapid than cell culture
Term
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Definition
-a virus harbored in mice and pet rodents
-member of arena virus family
- and can cause meningitis or meniningoencephalitis
-in US and Eurupe
Term
Lassa virus
Definition
west africa hemorrhagic fever and macupo and Junin viruses in South America (hemorrhagic fever)
Term
Filoviridae responsible for hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates in humans and primates
Definition
-Ebola and Marburg virus
-fruit eating bats have been proposed as a reservoir, but not yet proven for Ebola virus, as a natural reservoir
Term
Major route of human to human transmission of ebola virus in sub saharan africa
Definition
Contact with blood or blood-contaminated body fluids
Term
Common properties of zoonotic agents in the genus hantavirus of the family bunyaviridae
Definition
natural hosts=rodents
shedding of virus in rodent excreta, human infection by inhalation of virus and generalized infections with high morbidity and mortality
Term
Hantaan virus
Definition
in Korea a hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome versus Sin Nombre virus from deer mice and related rodent hantaviruses in the U.S. and Latin America (Hantavirus pulmonary Syndrome)
Term
Assays for Sin Nombre virus and related viruses in suspected cases of HPS
Definition
RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry of lung tissue, and ELISA to dect anti-hantavirus IgM or IgM in serum
Term
What is ribavirin specifically good for, which zoonotic infections?
Definition
Lassa virus, Hantaan virus and LCM Virus
Term
What are the important human viruses in the enterovirus family in the picornaviridae family?
Definition
(+) SS non segmented naked icosahedral nucleocapsid
-Poliovirus 1-3
-Coxsakie A and B viruses
Echoviruses
-Enteroviruses 68-71
Term
epidemiology and pathogenesis common to all enteroviruses?
Definition
-Contagious
-Fecal-oral transmission
-Peak incidence in late summer and early fall
subclinical or mild infections in majority
-long-term acquired imunity to specific serotype
Term
herpangina and hand foot and mouth disease
Definition
Coxsackie A, entero 71
Term
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Definition
AHC; coxsackie A or entero 70
Term
non-vesicular exanthems
Definition
echo
Term
pleurodynia
Definition
coxsackie B
Term
aseptic meningitis
Definition
echo and coxsackie A and B
Term
Encephalitis
Definition
entero 71
Term
myocarditis and pericarditis
Definition
coxsacie B
Term
acute-flaccid paralysis
Definition
polio, entero 71
Term
acute respiratory disease
Definition
entero 68
Term
laboratory diagnosis of serious human enteroviral infections
Definition
cell culture
more rapid RT-PCR of CSF
Term
Poliovirus and paralytic polio epidemics in the US
Definition
-Salk =trivalent inactivated polio vaccine-injected IM
-Sabin trivalent live attenuated polio vaccine (OBV)-so protected secretory
-IPV is only one recommended in the US
-Both protect against poliovirus typess 1-3
-risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP)
-OPV in developing countries in the WHO global polio Eradication Initiative- the oral was easiest to administer so it was a huge tool in attempting to erradicate it with National Immunization days in developing countries
-Goal is to have eradicated by 2013..
-There is a risk of post-polio syndrom: approximately 1/3 of survivors of mild and severe paralytic polio from the middle of 20th century have been experiencing syndrome of fatigue, muscle weakness/atrophy and difficulty breathing, believe to be due to nerve attrition as they age, with no evidence for latency/reactivation of poliovirus
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Term
What animal has the highest reported incidence of rabies in the US?
Definition
raccoon- epizootic spreading from the southeast to the north and west over the last three decades
-Skunks and bats are the next most common
-bats are the animal associated with the vast majority of rare human cases where exposure occurred within the U/S in the last 2 decades, in contrast to dogs for imported human rabies cases
Term
Pathogenesis of rabies in humans and other animals
Definition
initial replication in striated muscle near the site of bite or mucosal exposure, infection of nerve ending and centripetal spread via motor and sensory axons to the spinal cord and brain, infection of the brain and spread to salivary gland, and overwhelming encephalitis resulting in coma and death.
Term
Post-exposure prophylaxis for non-immune humans potentially exposed to a rabid animal by bite, scratch or mucosal exposure
Definition
-active immunization with inactivated virus vaccine (4 doses instead of previous 5 dose)
-passime immunization with high-titer human IgG [RIG]
Term
-Who should have prexposure immunization to rabies?
Definition
-forest rangers
-vets
-laboratory researches
-active immunization, 3 dose primary, and boosters every 1-2 years
Term
Public health programs for the prevention of rabies in animal
Definition
-annual vaccination of dogs and cats in all states
-vaccination of wildlife on a more limited scale with a live-recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine (vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein=V-RG)
Term
Unique feateure of abnormal prion proteins which are responsible for slowing-developing but ultimately fatal neurological syndromes known as spongiform encephalopathies including
Definition
-extreme resistance to physical and chemical treatments
-abnormal conformational change with increased beta sheet
-less alpha-helical structure in abnormal compared to normal prion protein
-genetic alterations which are associated with familial/genetic diseases rather than sporadic....
-genetic forms of human TSE's are char. by mutant genes which encode PrP which spon. misfolds into a distinct pathogenic form at a much higher rate and younger age than with sCJD: mutation in codons #102 for GSS and#178 for fatal familial insomnia
-polymorphism at aa #129 of the human prion/PRP (methionine or valine) is important in susceptibility to BSE-induced vCJD with essentially all of the UK cases involving #129 Met/Met homozygosity present in ~40% of UK population, whereas humans with #129 Val/Val homozygosity appear to have sig. higher risk for iatrogenic CJD
Term
SSporadic Prion
Definition
CJD
Term
Exogenous prion
Definition
kuru, vCJD
Term
familial/genetic prion diseases
Definition
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrom, fatal familial insomnia and familial CJD in humans
Term
2 prion diseases in domestic animals
-and etiological rel of them to the others
Definition
-Scrapie in sheep
-Vobine Spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
-Scrapie and BSE-scrapie has never been transmitted to humans
-BSE is the presumed source for vCJD in humans and also for TSE's in many other mammals
Term
Two concepts of recombinant viral vectors
Definition
infectious but replication-defective virus and packaging cell lines
Term
major advantage of retroviral vectors
Definition
efficient integration of proviral DNA into chromosomal DNA
Term
Essential viral sequences which must be present in plasmids used in construction of these vectors
Definition
-upstream and downstreame LTR sequences
-psi=psi genome-RNA packaging sequence
-must be devoid of all other retroviral sequences
Term
advantage of newer lentivirus vectors as compared to murine retrovirus-derived vectors
Definition
-integration of proviral DNA in non-dividing and dividing cells for lentivirus versus only in dividing cels for murine viruses
Term
advantage of newer "pseudotyped" retroviruses as compared to murine viruses with amphotropic Env protein
Definition
-increased virion stability and extended host range with the VSV-G rhabdovirus envelope glycoprotein replacing the retrovirus Env protein
Term
What is major biosafety risk of retro/lenti virus vectors?
Definition
insertional mutagenesis, based upon limited experience of retroviral vectors in humans as gene therapy for X-linked SCID
Term
major diff. between adenoviral and retroviral/lentiviral vectors for gene therapy, inc
Definition
-lack of integration of adenoviral DNA into chromosomes
-increased capacity for larger cDNA/transgene sequences in recombinant adenoviral genomes
Term
clinical disadvantage of firs-generation, E1 gene-adenoviral vectors:
Definition
-leakiness of viral gene expression which allows development of cellular immune responses (anti-viral CTLs), thereby eliminating cells containing the rcombinant adenoviral genomes)
Term
Recombinant parvovirus vectors derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), what is the major advantage?
Definition
-viral DNA persistence in nucleus and/or integration into chromosomal DNA in abscence of adenoviral helper

-mjr disadvantage= small size of genome limits size of cDNA/transgene
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