Term
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Definition
| form of glucose found in liver and muscle |
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Term
Main storage form of glucose in body
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
process by which hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fatty acids making solid more solid at room temp
creates trans fatty acids in process |
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Term
| 3 body processes after consuming food |
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Definition
Digestion
Elimination
Absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| main enzyme for breaking down carbs |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which an amine is transferred from one amino acid to another |
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Term
| Transamination makes_______ |
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Definition
| non-essential amino acids are made by the process of_________ |
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Term
| Insulin is secreted by___ |
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Definition
| beta cells in pancreas secrete |
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Term
| Insulin lowers blood sugar by |
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Definition
| causing cells to take in glucose |
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Term
| Primary protein structure refers to |
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Definition
| sequence of amino acids refers to |
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Term
| Secondary structure of amino acids |
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Definition
| Alpha helixes and beta strands make up the _______structure of amino acids |
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Term
| Tertiary structure refers to |
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Definition
3D structure of a protein molecule
secondary structures are made into compact globule
polypeptide chain |
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Term
| Quaternary structure of protein molecule refers to |
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Definition
| 2 or more polypeptide chains together |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in lipolysis |
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Term
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Definition
process of making larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones
ex: storing glucose as glycogen
predominant reaction after a meal |
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Term
| Lactic acid is metabolized from_____ when? |
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Definition
| glucose is metabolized into______in absence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon segments forming Acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most abundant carb in diet |
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Definition
| Glucose is most abundant_____in diet |
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Term
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Definition
protein deficiency disease
characterized by: distended abdomen
muscle wasting
weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
| increases blood glucose levels when glucose is low |
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Term
| Hormone secreted by a-cells of pancreas |
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Definition
| Glucagon is secreted by______ |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which amine group is removed from amino acid producing ammonia and a keto acidw for use in glucose synthesis or TCA cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Ammonia and a keto acid is produced in which process? |
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Term
| Amine group of amino acids contain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| major form of lipid in diet |
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Term
| 3 types of lipids in body |
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Definition
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols |
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Term
| Triglycerides are made up of... |
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Definition
| 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol backbone make up... |
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Term
| fatty acids are made up of... |
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Definition
| carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl/acid group at the end |
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Term
| MUFA's and PUFA's are______@ room temp |
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Definition
| fatty acids that are liquid at room temp. |
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Term
Difference in fatty acid chains
Saturated, MUFA's and PUFA's |
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Definition
saturated-hydrogen atom surrounds every carbon in chain
MUFA's-one less hydrogen atom and one double bond
PUFA's- >1 double bond |
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Term
| Unsaturated fatty acids are_____@ room temp. |
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Definition
| fatty acids that are solid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| expression in the same as |
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Term
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Definition
| when messenger RNA copies genetic info from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic info in mRNA is converted into amino acid sequence of a protein when it binds to tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| when two or more incomplete proteins combine to make a complete protein |
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Term
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Definition
| when a protein has insufficiency in amino acids |
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Term
| protein digestion begins in |
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Definition
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Term
Hydrocholoric acid and protein digestion
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Definition
| denatures protein strands and activates Pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and amino acid chains |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that controls Hydrochloric Acid production and Pepsin release |
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Term
| proteases complete digestion of______in________ |
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Definition
| -proteins in small intestine |
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Term
| polypeptides are broken down into smaller units by |
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Definition
| proteases break down_______into smaller units |
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Term
|
Definition
| pancreatic enzymes in protein digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| ______bolism releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
| ____bolism requires energy |
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Term
| Old cells or tissues broken down for replacement |
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Definition
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Term
| Potential energy is stored in _______bonds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound used by cells for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a large molecule is broken down with addition of water |
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Term
| Hydrolysis is a ____bolic process |
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Definition
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Term
| Condensation is an _____bolic process |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which sub-units combine to form larger, more complex molecule with water by-product |
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Term
| Condensation vs. Hydrolysis |
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Definition
make larger molecule-releases water
make smaller molecule-uses water |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which high energy phosphate bonds in ATP are broken |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of phosphate group to compound |
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Term
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Definition
| non-proteins needed for enzyme activity |
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Term
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Definition
| minerals required for enzyme activity |
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Term
| Energy from fat: Glycerol is converted to _________in liver |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If glucose exceeds energy needs it is... |
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Definition
| ________is stored as Triglycerides in adipose tissue |
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Term
| When glucose is transported to liver: |
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Definition
it is phosphorylated and metabolized for use by other cells
stored as glycogen in muscle tissue
converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue |
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Term
| glucose is stored as _________ in muscle tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| after glycolysis pyruvate is aerobically converted to |
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Definition
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Term
| Breakdown of Triglycerides for energy |
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Definition
Triglyceride + Lipase=Glycerol+ 3 fatty acids(to blood)
Glycerol=pyruvate in liver
Pyruvate=Acetyl CoA + Glucose
Glucose is released into circulation for other cells or stored as glycogen(muscle)
or converted to fatty acids and stored as Triglycerides in adipose tissues |
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Term
| After glycolysis pyruvate is anaerobically converted to ________in liver |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Glycolysis then pyruvate to 2 Acetyl Coa is beginning of_____ |
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Term
| Acetyl CoA joins________before entering TCA cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydrates contribute_________to TCA cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed from Acetyl Coa in absence of Oxaloacetate to continue TCA cycle |
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Term
| Absence of________stops entry of Acetyl Coa to TCA cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Phospholipids are made up of |
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Definition
Glycerol backbone
2 fatty acids
phosphate on glycerol backbone |
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Term
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Definition
lipoprotein made by enterocytes
transport lipids from meal |
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Term
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Definition
| transports lipids for absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| transports cholesterol to blood |
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Term
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Definition
| transports cholesterol from tissues back to liver |
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Term
| HDL transports ________from tissues to ________to be secreted as_______ |
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Definition
-cholesterol
tissues
bile |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular contractions that that move food through GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that control movement of food from one GI organ to next |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that maintain integrity of cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| process that can make fatty acid chains from carbs, amino acids, and alcohols |
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Term
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Definition
| protects stomach cells from auto-digestion |
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Term
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Definition
inherited disease affects respiratory and GIT
secretion of thick, sticky mucous that interferes with absorption of nutrients from GIT |
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Term
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Definition
| predominant rxn during fasting/starvation |
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Term
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Definition
produced in liver
emulsifies fats |
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Term
|
Definition
| lipid digesting enzymes are secreted by |
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Term
|
Definition
| converts free radicals into less damaging substances such as hydroogen peroxide |
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Term
|
Definition
| removes hydrogen peroxide |
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