Term
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Definition
In each and every generation, the
phenotypes of a human population are a
product of genetic inheritance and cultural inheritance and their interactions with the (inevitably complex) environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A disaccharide composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose and the carbohydrate of milk |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which lactose is broken up involving water and the enzyme lactase |
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Term
| mammal group with low lactase activity their whole lives |
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Definition
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Term
| tolerant malabsorber requirement |
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Definition
| change to tolerant e. coli bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| non-digestible carbohydrates delivered in food to the large bowel to provide fermentable substrates for selected bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| live potentially beneficial, bacterial cells, added to the gut ecosystem of humans & other animals |
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Term
| Two lactose processing techniques |
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Definition
1. External pre-digestionby lactic acid
bacteria or yeast (yogurt, sour milk, etc.)
2. Physical removal by separating curds and
whey (many kinds of cheeses) |
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Term
| Much of the lactose is removed during processing |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| works in bacteria but not people* |
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Definition
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Term
| what you get when you induce lactose tolerance |
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Definition
| tolerant coliform bacteria -> "Tolerant Malabsorber" |
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Term
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Definition
| alternate form of the same gene |
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Term
| Factors that alter population gene frequencies |
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Definition
1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Chance fluctuations
4. Natural selection |
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Term
| came up with the Culture Historical Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Frederick Simoons in 1970 |
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Term
| Culture Historical Hypothesis |
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Definition
1. Baseline mammalian condition: Lactose Malabsorption (LM). No post-weaning milk supply
2. Advent of dairying = Cultural change
Milk available.
“L” introduced by mutation.
3. Selective advantage to LA: allows milk in diet as a general food supplement (source of calories & protein)
4. Would require: Recurrent dietary stress
AND lactose processing not used |
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Term
| Calcium Absorption Hypothesis |
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Definition
1. Selective advantage to LA: Not food per se, but improved calcium supply.
2. Causes of calcium deficiency:
-Insufficient sources of Ca++ in diet
-Lack of absorbing agent (Ca++ does not diffuse well in the gut)
3. In adults, the most important absorbing agent is “Vitamin D”
4. Shortages of Vitamin D cause
-rickets
-osteomalacia
5. Causes of Vitamin D deficiency:
-dietary shortage
-reduced UV light at high latitudes
6. LA would have selective advantage IF it can offset Vitamin D deficiency
7. Pertinent components of fresh milk:
--Calcium (as much as 2g/1000)
--Lactose (47% of fresh milk) **acts like another absorbing agent, which is called the “lactose effect”**
8. But calcium absorbing action of lactose requires hydrolysis
--Only LA’s get the benefit!
9. So high frequencies of LA are expected today among peoples:
a. Who have long cultural history of dairying, and
b. Who live at high latitudes where Vitamin D deficiency is chronic. |
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Term
| came up with Calcium Absorption Hypothesis |
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Definition
| Flatz and Rotthauwe in 1973 |
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Term
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Definition
| Lactose makes a BIG difference in bone mineralization among infants (compared to soy milk) |
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Term
| "special creation" or "chain of being" |
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Definition
All species had supernatural origin during 7 days of
creation
They have existed in fixed, “immutable” form from
creation to present (unless extinct)
On this view, species have unchanging “essences” |
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Term
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Definition
| "similarity by convergence" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Animals and plants
formed large kingdoms
• Organized into a nested
hierarchy of classes,
orders, genera and
species
• On the basis of
observable properties |
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Definition
| Lynnaeus in 1758 in Systema Natura |
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Term
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Definition
| a character previously shaped for another function is coopted for (or takes on) a new use |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| includes some but not all descendants of a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| members with more than one recent common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| all descendants of a single ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| shared, derived traits in common to two or more species |
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Term
| ancestral or primitive traits |
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Definition
| common to all species in a given lineage |
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