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Humans Genetics Midterm
muahahahahaha
58
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2009

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
gene
Definition
a sequence of DNA that instructs a cell to produce a particular gene
Term
Genomics
Definition
the study of the functions and interactions of many genes, or comparing genomes
Term
DNA
Definition
the genetic material; the biochemical that forms genes
Term
Central Dogma
Definition

WATSON AND CRICK

the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins as a directional flow of information

Term
Chromosomes
Definition
A structure in a cell's nucleus that carries genes. A chromosome is a continuous molecule of SNS and proteins wrapped around it
Term
karyotype
Definition
a size order chromosome chart
Term
autosome
Definition
a chromosome that does not have a gene that determines sex
Term
sex chromosome
Definition
a chromosome containing genes that specify sex
Term
cell cycle
Definition
a cycle of events describing a cell's preparation for division and division itself
Term
checkpoints
Definition
sprindle assembly, apoptosis, dna damage GO
Term
apoptosis
Definition
a form of cell death that is a normal part of growth and development
Term
gamete
Definition
a sex cell
Term
oogenesis
Definition
oocyte development
Term
polar body
Definition
a product of female meiosis that contains litle cytoplasm and does not continue to develop into an oocyte
Term
spermatogensis
Definition
sperm cell differentiation
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of the cytoplasm and its parts
Term
somatic cells
Definition
a non sex cell
Term
Law of independent assortment
Definition
when  traits were transmitted independently due to possible combinations
Term
law of segregation
Definition
behavior of alleles of a single gene
Term
hybrid
Definition
one trait variant crossed to plants with the alternate
Term
germline cells
Definition
sex cells
Term
stem cells
Definition
cells that give rise to other stem cell, as well as to cells that differentiate
Term
totipotent
Definition
generated from stem cells and can be made into any type of cell
Term
pluripotent
Definition
makes specific cells from stem cells
Term
multifactoril trait
Definition
a trait or illness determined by several genes and the environment
Term
polygenic inheritance
Definition
traits determined by more than one gene
Term
empiric risk
Definition
probability that a trait will recur based upon its incidence in a population
Term
heritability
Definition
an estimate of the proportion of phenotypic variation in a group due to genes
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
how closely relaTed two people are IN REGARDS TO THEIR GENES
Term
molecular evolution
Definition
changes in protein and DNA sequences over time used to estimate how recently species diverged from a common ancestor
Term
Genetic Distance/Molecular Clock
Definition
amount of DNA change and amount of evolutionary time separating two genomes. It can estimate time to last shared common ancestor.
Term
Discrete variation
Definition
single gene traits or the qualitative
Term
continuous variation
Definition
multifactorial traits or quantitative traits
Term
Mitochondrial Eve/chromosome Adam
Definition

Eve- if a particular sequence of mtDNA could have mutated to yield the same of  a modern human then that ancestral sequence may represent a very early humanlike woman

 

adam- paternal lineages

Term
time since last common ancestor
Definition

80 to 100000 years ago

came from africa 3 major lineages

central europe

asia

islands and austrailia

Term
Neandertals
Definition

300000 to 30000 years ago

started wiping out when first modern ancestor came about

Term
eugenics
Definition
the control of individual reproductive choices to achieve a societal goal
Term
assumption
Definition

random mating

abscence of all forces that can chance allele frequency ..genetic drift

Term
polymorphic
Definition
many forms ....populations tend to be this and have different alleles
Term
monomorphic
Definition
population is genetically uniform for a particular trait
Term
genetic drift
Definition
when a small group separates from a larger population, or reproduce only amont themselves, allele frequencies may change as a result of chance sampling fromt he whole
Term
Population bottleneck
Definition
large population to an extremely small number (wipe out of a population ice age, tsunami)
Term
founder effect
Definition
when a small group leaves home to found new settlements
Term
balances polymorphism
Definition
maintenance of a harmful recessive allele in a population because the heterozygote has a reproductive advantage
Term
heterozygote advantage
Definition
a recessive condition remains particularly prevalent because the heterzygote enjoys some unrelated health advantage, such as being resistant to an infectious disease or able to survive an enviornmental threat
Term
hemizygous
Definition
the sex that has half as many x-linked genes as the other a human male
Term
incomplete domiance
Definition
the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of either homozygote
Term
Co-dominance
Definition
different alleles that are both expressed in a heterozygote
Term
lethal allele
Definition

allele that is deadly

AA aa

Term
Multiple Alleles
Definition
Gene can exist in more than two allelic forms in a population because it can mutate in many ways
Term
pleiotrophy
Definition
a single gene disorder with several symptoms...different symptom subsets can occur in different individuals
Term
polygenes
Definition
involves more than one gene
Term
epistasis
Definition

when one gene masks or otherwise affects the phenotype of another

(bombay phenotype-blood type with the H gene which controls the placement of a molecule to which antigens A and B  attach on red blood cell surfaces)

Term
incomplete penetrance
Definition
polydactyly some get it and some dont ....soem dont express the phenotype and others do
Term
variable expressivity
Definition

severity or extent

vary in intensity in different people

polydacty is  both

Term
twin studies
Definition
compares monozygotic twins and fraternal twins and compares them both
Term
mitochondrial inheritance
Definition
maternally
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