A virus is not considered a living organism by most biologists because:

a. it does not reproduce

b. it does not pass on genetic material

c. it does not evolve

d. it is not comprised of cells

During your lifetime, you obtain a random mutation from skin bathing that it gives you a rare skin carcinoma. Will you pass this mutation onto your children?

a. yes, all mutations are heritable

b. yes, this mutation would have gone germ line if it cuased skin carcinoma

c. no, somatic mutations are not heritable

d. not enough information to tell

After surge in population size of a predator, male brown anoles became longer legged and faster. meanwhile, female brown anoles became larger than female lizards prior to the surge in population size. Which of the following remarks bests describes what may have happened? 

a. male lizards evolved to outrun their predators after mating calls, while females became larger to make themselves harder to digest.

b. evolutionary pressure forced both genders to evolve in a way that would enable them to hide efficiently from their predator. 

c. so as to better outwite the predatory during mating displays, changes in body size may have changed their mating call sounds.

d. natural selection selected for animals that would be able to evolve their predators. 

Certain snake species are capable of "virgin" births via parthenogenesis. This reproductive strategy is used:

a. to reduce STD transmission

b. to increase genetic diversity

c. to avoid the cost of requiring two genders for sexual reproduction

d. only in summer months

A=T

G=C

so

AGCTAG

males with high testosterone levels are likely to be 

a. more agressive

b. appear more attractive to ovulating women

c. have more chiseled facial features and pronounced secondary traits

d. all of the above

the inability to convert testosterone to an active form such as in the case of 5 alpha reductase deficiency causes

a. more feminized genitalia to develop in a female fetus due to low levels of androgens 

b. more feminized genitalia to develop in a male fetus due to low levels of androgens

c. more masculinized genetalia to develop in a female fetus due to high levels of androgens

d. more masculinized genitalia to develop in a male fetus due to low levels of androgens

Put the stages of mitosis in order:

- Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

-DNA duplication and condensation

-Chromosomes align along a plane in the cell

-Cell division

1. DNA duplication and condensation

 2. Chromosomes align along a plane in the cell

 3. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

4. Cell division 

A zebra finch that was genetically modified to have a brain that is half female and half male, could show distinct morphological eatures in the male half of its brain vs the female half because

a. different hormones are expressed similarly on each side of the brain

b. the different halves of the brain are exposed to a different mixture of hormones 

c. the different halves of the brain express different genes

d. male brains and female brains are compleely physically dimorphic

stimulation of an erogenous area will cause activity to be sent through which of the correctly listed cascades?

a. mesiner's corpsucule, spine, brain

b. meisner's corpsucle, sensory neuron, nerve, spine, brain

c. sensory neuron, nerve, brain, spine

d. sensory neuron, mesiner's corpsucle, nerve, brain, spine

If a recessive allele for long ear hair was carried on the Y-chromosome

a. more women than men would have ear hair

b. half of all men would be carriers for long ear hair

c. any man who carried the recessive allele would have long ear hair

d. there isn't enough info to tell

Which of the statements bests defines the "Red Queen Hypothesis"?

a. states that organisms reproduce sexually to maintain genetic variability in order to stay ahead of continuously evolving pathgens

b. states that sexually reproducing organisms are at an advantage over asexually reproducing organisms due to the possibility of producing a "superfit" offspring

c. compares the benefits of sexual reproduction with the chance of hitting a lottery jackpoint

d. states that organisms reproduce sexually to promote genetic variability in order to adapt to changing conditions

Natural selection: survival of the fittest

Sexual selection: selecting for traits that will allow you to be more reproductively fit and may reduce survival or have no survival benefit whatsoever

Crab with giant crab claw

Peacock

1. gametic investment

2. parental care investment -> leads to greater chance of survival and ability to pass on genes

imprinting 

classical conditioning

white brain matter: reduced in pedophilic men

frontal lobe: important in sex behavior b/c its impact on personality

limbic system: controls moods/emotions, dysfunctions = odd sex behavior

amygdala: important for fear responses, activated when men watch porn, relationship between fear and arousal for men

-full lips
-symmetrical face

-specific waist to hip ratios

-full breast 

-Body scent, women are more attracted to smell of a man with an asymmetrical face

-skin color, darker skin color = higher testosterone

symmetrical face

female lips - vulva

female butt - doggie

full breast - aroused breast state

skin

cervix

mucus

what are some components of the innate immune system?

what are their functions?

neutrophils:chase down invaders

macrophages: have fingerlike projections that trap invaders to engulf them

activate killer/cytotoxic t-cells

signal B-cells to make antibodies

mechanical

ligand/receptor

temporal (mating season time)

1. ligand/receptor interaction

2. acrosome reaction

3. hardening of ZONA PELLUCIDA 

1. mitosis = 2 diploid, identical cells

meiosis = haploid non identical cells

females: ovaries -> meiosis I before birth, meiosis II after ovulation and upon fertilization

males: every 16 days

1. Base (deoxyribose or ribose)

2. Sugar 

3. Phosphate