Put end to a war between the frontiersmen known as the Western Confederacy, and the Native Americans.

Took place in Greenville, Ohio.

Name of the War was the Northwest Indian War; the final battle was the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

The Wyandot, Delaware, Shawnee, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, and Kaskaskia tribes took part in treaty.

Treaty stated that a line would separate the white country from the Native's land.

Natives gave much of Ohio to the settlers in exchange for $20,000 worth of goods in utensils, blankets, and domestic animals.

America paid 15 million dollars to France to buy 828,800 square miles of land.

[image]

All or part of 14 US states and 2 Canadian Provinces were included in the land purchased.

The price leveled out to being just 3 cents per acre.

Doubled the size of America.

Was one of Jefferson's greatest accomplishments, but was thought to be unconstitutional at the time.

Jefferson originally just wanted to buy New Orleans because it was a major port.

Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on April 30, 1803.

On March 10, 1804, a formal ceremony was held in St. Louis to transfer all land to America.

Leader of the Shawnee, during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812.

Had a brother named Tenskwatawa, that was a religious leader in his tribe that thought that they should return to their traditional ways of doing everything.

While Tecumseh went to southern US to get support from other tribes, his brother was defeated in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Tecumseh allied with the British in Canada against the Americans and helped to capture Fort Detroit.

Was killed in the Battle of the Thames by the Americans that led a counter assault against Cananda.

Is remembered in Canada today as a National Hero, because he helped protect it from Americans.

Was a doctrine made by James Monroe that was published on December 2, 1823.

Stated that any act of European countries to further colonize or interfere with the states in North or South America was an act of war.

Helped many Latin American Countries  gain independence from the Spanish Empire.

Put forward that New World Countries and Old World Countries were in separate countries and could remain independent from each other.

Simon Bolivar, Venezuela's military and political leader received news of the doctrine with much gratitude to America, but did not think that it would change anything.

Was part of a policy known as Indian Removal and was signed in to law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830.

Was strongly supported in the South, especially Georgia.

Indian removal was supposedly voluntary, and many tribe leaders did not agree, until Andrew Jackson was re-elected in 1832.

Paved the way for the reluctant and often forced emigration of tens of thousands of Natives further West.

Choctaw and Cherokee left on "the trail of tears and death"

The seminoles didn't leave peacefully and 3,000 were killed. (Seminole War lasted from 1835 to 1842)

Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans could occupy lands in the US but could not hold title to the lands.

Took place in the 18th and 19th century in Europe and America.

When many machines began to replace the need for skilled workers.

Machines were first powered by water, like in rivers, and then steam once the steam engine was invented.

Brought workers and machines together in a process called the factory system.

Interchangeable Parts were invented and unskilled workers could put the exact same things together in less time.

Made huge economic growth in American and throughout Europe.

Many jobs were created, but immigrants were not paid well, and child labor became the norm. (until unions were formed and reform was passed).

Biggest innovations were made in the textile industry (spinning jenny), steam power (could power factories), and iron making (was faster and cheaper).

Mining became a needed profession for excavating coal to power steam engines.

Pollution became a big problem, from dumping wastes to smoke in the air from burning coal.

The idea of using steam as mechanical power has always been around, but was not perfected until the industrial revolutional.

Is considered an external combustion engine.

Works by burning something such as wood or coal to heat water, which turns in to steam that causes a turbine to spin and create mechanical energy.

First successful engine was invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen, but was completely inefficient.

James Watts made the steam engine able to run off of 75% less coal, so it was much cheaper to use.

The engines that Watts and Newcomen made were "atmospheric" meaning they were powered by vacuum created condensing steam.  

Around 1800, Richard Trevithick introduced a high-pressure steam engine that was much smaller, and it became very popular.

[image]

A steam engine that works using compression and expansion created by steam, to move a piston that rotates a wheel.

Factories needed many workers, and many people would compete for the jobs, so factories learned that they didn't need to pay workers that much.

Men, women, and children were recruited to do jobs in factories.

Conditions were awful, pay was very low, and hours were very long, which resulted in the deaths of many people.

Diseases were easily spread in such cramped quarters, and there was not an availability of antibiotics such as penicillin.

Starvation was not uncommon in the lives of many factory workers' families.

Since child labor was not yet outlawed, factory owners sometimes just took children from orphanages and they were considered the property of the factory owner. 

Consisted of people selling their country houses and farms etc. to move to cities where they could live for cheaper and get jobs at factories.

Problem:  Lots of people were migrating to the cities, so housing was needed.

Too many people were living in too small places, so disease was spread easily.

Many people contracted and spread, and died of Tuberculosis because they all lived and worked so close.

People from all over the world heard about how America had jobs to offer and came flooding in.

Countries in poverty, Ireland, had the most immigrants that came to America

Over 400,000 people came to America by crossing the Atlantic Ocean, which was a dangerous and long journey

The people that already lived in America prior to the immigration rush, mostly did not like the immigrants because they would work for cheap, making the average salary go down.

The peak of European Immigration was in 1907, when 1,285,349 people entered the country.

People from all over the world came to America to have our way of life, including Asians, Europeans, Africans, etc. 

Jethro Tull invented the seed drill which evenly distributed seeds throughout the ground.

Joseph Foljambe invented the Rotherham plough that was the first successful commercial plough.

Andrew Meikle invented the threshing machine in 1784.

When machines began to replace workers, and farmers couldn't keep up with other farmer's businesses, people began to riot.

In the south, cotton plantations that didn't begin to use the cotton gin, had to keep up with their competitors somehow, so they often used slave labor.

Made prices of cotton, and produce like corn and wheat much cheaper, and helped to improve the economy of the farmers and plantation owners.

Social Reform-- is making small changes to society over a long period of time, as opposed to quick, drastic changes.

Womens Rights-- working to get equal rights for American women.

-Founded by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-Organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

-Published the Declaration of Sentiments

-Lucy Mott helped by speaking in 1847

-Susan B. Anthony joined in 1851 and worked for suffrage

American Labor Movement-- working to end harsh conditions and to get the 8 hour work-day

-The Knights of Labor worked in 1869 to form unions.

-American Federation of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations were formed

-Known today as the AFL-CIO

Abolition Movement-- working to end slavery in America

-William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass were very important.

-Harriet Tubman- worked on the Underground Railroad to free slaves

-Abraham Lincoln- president that made the Emancipation Proclamation

-Civil War- the war that ended slavery that was between the Union army in the North and the Confederate Army in the South.

Know-Nothing Movement-- aka nativism, stated that the immigrants should not be in America

Term given to the transitional zone between civilization and the wilderness.

Was pushed from the Appalachian mountains to beyond that after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

Thousands of settlers, like Daniel Boone already lived as far west as Tennessee and Kentucky.

After acquiring the Lousiana Purchase, Oregon Country, and Texas, settlers felt the need to move West.

-Land was cheap

-Freedom of Religion

-"Elbow Room"

Homestead Act of 1862, worked together with railroad grants to get people to move West

The Western Frontier ended up being as far as physically possible for the US... the Pacific Ocean

Helped lead to ideas such as Manifest Destiny

American Pioneers were the people that went West on routes such as The Oregon Trail and Santa Fe Trail.

Daniel Boone was an example and hero to many.

The Homestead Act helped to legalize the pioneer process of getting land.

Many people traveled in wagon trains with lots of other people.

The pioneers had to clear entire forests, and they made the Great Plains the "Bread Basket".

Some people went to get land, others to get rich, and others for religious reasons.

Was a term first coined by John L. O'Sullivan in the 1845 in the August/September issue of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review

Henry Clay, John. C Calhoun, and Abraham Lincoln all opposed the thought, saying that economic expansion was more important than land expansion.

Was the term stating that American should reach from "sea to shining sea".

Also was the belief in the American mission to promote democracy throughout the world.

AKA the Anglo-Saxon Race.

Were North American trappers and fur traders that lived from 1810 to the 1880's.

Key figures were:

Lewis and Clark

Zebulon Pike

Jim Bridger

John-Jacob Astor

William Sublette

Would meet at rendezvous to trade and sell their wares.

The finding of gold in California by Mountain Men would lead to the Gold Rush of 1849. ('49ers)

Were trails that Pioneers took to the Western parts of America

Santa Fe Trail

-Connected Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

-Paved the way for where railroads would go

-Was founded by William Becknell in 1822

-Was useful in invading Mexico during the Mexican-American War

Oregon Trail

-Connected Missouri to the Pacific Northwest

-Was established in the 1830's by Mountain Men for Fur Trade

-Became publicized by 1843

-Was over 2,000 miles long and was a very harsh journey