Term
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Definition
| latin word homo meaning human |
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Term
| where did hominids first appear |
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Definition
| australopithecines, Africa |
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Term
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Definition
5.5 ft tall
750-1000 cc brain
larger, varied tools
Europe, Asia, Indonesia, Africa |
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Term
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Definition
"wise human beings"
look like todays human
5.5 ft tall
1000-1500 cc brain
eastern, southern Africa |
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Term
| relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans |
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Definition
inidstiguishable from todays
create sophisticated tools
we all carry 5% Neanderthal
cared for sick and old, buried dead with gravestones |
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Term
| what does dna and linguistic evidence tell us about modern human migration across earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| characteristic patterns of hunting and gathering way of life |
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Definition
care free life of an animal
small groups 20-30
hunt gather and always moving
division of labor between men and woem |
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Term
| what uses did human use fire |
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Definition
light
heat
cooking
protection |
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Term
| when did they discover fire |
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Definition
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Term
| what was revolutionary about the Neolithic revolution |
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Definition
agriculture
domesticate plants and animals |
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Term
| how did Neolithic revolution affect our relationship with nature |
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Definition
didn't have to always moce
able to grow our own food and make shelter
manipulate nature
selective breeding to gain desired traits in animals and plants |
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Term
| how did Neolithic revolution affect human settlements |
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Definition
permanent settlements, need to tend crops and animals
more permanent shelters |
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Term
| how did the Neolithic revolution affect human ideas about property and dispute resolution |
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Definition
started to own land, no longer communal
created law and need for village council |
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Term
| what is the definition of culture |
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Definition
universal and non-material
distingiuished by nature of nature, nature of humans, and nature of God |
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Term
| what are the basic charactersitcs of civilization according to the instructor |
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Definition
| agriculture, urbanization, metal working, literacy |
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Term
| what minerals were used to make bronze |
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Definition
tin and copper
5000 years ago |
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Term
| who was sargon? what makes him important |
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Definition
creator of the empire
ran empire throughout all of mesopotamia |
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Term
| what was distinctive about how third dynasty ur governed its empire |
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Definition
| everything belonged to the king (people, food, labor) eventually failed because you can't control everything |
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Term
| on the basis of what factors do philologists group languages into families |
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Definition
| shared root vocabulary, shared grammatical pattern, language was just waves of sound produced when we spoke, gibberish |
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Term
| how do new languages evolve |
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Definition
| geopgraphical or social isolation, cutting off gene flow between two populations |
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Term
| where did human language originate? how do we know this |
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Definition
| Africa, infer that Neanderthals, homo sapiens, and homo erectus, not exactly sure when |
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Term
| which languages are part of the semitic language family |
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Definition
akkadia
Aramaic
Assyrian
Babylonian
canaatic
Phoenician
Arabic
hebrew |
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Term
| which languages are part of the info European language family |
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Definition
indo Iranian: Persian, Sanskrit
balto slavick: Russian, Czech, polish, serbo, creation, Lithuanian
Hellenic: greek
Italic: Latin, romance language (French, Italian, Spanish, protugese, Romanian)
Celtic: Irish Gaelic
Germanic: Swedish, Danish, norweigan, german, dutch, english |
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Term
| what is the difference between language and script |
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Definition
script: collection of symbols, aqquire meaning through concensus (agree they have sounds and what sounds)
languge: sound, sound aquire meaning through consensus |
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Term
| what are the characteristics of pictographic scripts? what are some examples |
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Definition
idiograms: sumbol for each word
first time of script from fugitives of araka kept inventory on clay
only one symbol for a word, but too many words for each symbol
Egyptian hierglyphics |
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Term
| charactersitcs of syllabary scripts? examples? |
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Definition
symbol for each syllabul
originate from pictographic because needed more flexibility, needed less symbols than pictographs
Mesopotamian cuneiform |
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Term
| alphabetic scripts? examples? |
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Definition
groups of sounds, symbol for each sound(letter), originate from syallabary, only need 30-40 symbols, can be interpreted wrong because you had to fill in the vowels
semetic linear scripts |
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Term
| why was Egypt called the gift of the nile? |
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Definition
| flooded like clockwork between harvest and planting, replenished fertility of the soil, agricultural surplus, provided security from attacks |
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Term
| What types of scripts did the ancient Egyptians develop? |
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Definition
pictographic: one symbol per word
syllabary script: one symbol per syllabus
alphabetic script: one symbol per sound |
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Term
| What is the significance of the “Rosetta Stone”? |
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Definition
| written in 3 scripts, Egyptian hieroglyphics, greek, and denotic in 1799 and depicted in 1822 |
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Term
| What makes the New Kingdom different from other periods in Egypt’s history? |
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Definition
| first to have a military, attack avaris, extended power through succession of several kings |
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Term
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Definition
| new religion, symbolized by the sun disk, didn't want sacrifices but for people to love one another |
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Term
| Why is Akhenaten historically important? |
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Definition
| create monotheism, servant of aten, banned traditional Egyptian cult |
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Term
| Why is Ramesses II historically important |
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Definition
| left behind narrative of kadesh (war) lead his army into war personally |
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Term
| Where did the “Sea Peoples” come from? What makes them historically important? |
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Definition
| came from the agean sea, first to actually attack Egypt and not just threaten |
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Term
| What is the historical importance of the Hebrews/Israelites? |
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Definition
religiously HUGE
started monotheistic religion that stuck |
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Term
| What literary sources do we have for the history of the Hebrews/Israelites? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different parts of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh? |
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Definition
Pentateuch: Toran Genesis-Deuturonomy
prophets: Nevi'im Joshau-Malachi
Writings: Ketuvi'im Pslams-Chronicles
24 books one for each letter of the Hebrew alphabet |
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Term
| What has textual analysis (or ‘criticism’) revealed about the Hebrew Bible’s composition? |
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Definition
| discovery of multiple strands of authorship edited together |
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Term
| What makes the canons of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament different from one another? |
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Definition
Jewish/Protestant canon has 39 books
Catholic/Orthodox has more and order of the stories is diff.
leaders of various Jewish sects decide what went into the Bible |
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Term
| Why is archeological evidence so valuable? |
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Definition
| Can't lie about what it is, but it doesn't have the ability to tell you the whole story |
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Term
| What is the relationship between archeological discoveries and what the Hebrew Bible tells us? |
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Definition
doesn't match up/ inaccurate
no one living there at the time of conquest of Jericho |
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Term
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Definition
| Semitic word for Hebrew, means fugitive or runaway |
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Term
| What does Yahweh promise Abraham in their covenant? |
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Definition
| land and to be the ancestor of many if all men are circumcised |
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Term
| Why is the Exodus important to Jews? |
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Definition
represents liberation of Jews from slavery in Europe
gift of law (make holy)
identity becomes Israel (those who struggle with God)
cultural symbol for the West |
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Term
| What problems complicate the Biblical account of the Exodus? |
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Definition
| archeological evidence and the dates given in the bible don't match up, numbers in the bible are impossible |
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Term
| What was Moses probable ethnicity? |
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Definition
| Egyptian (name is Egyptian and stems from gods) |
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Term
| What is Moses’ role in Judaism? |
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Definition
| deliver them back to the promised land, second most important figure, deliverer of the law, God revealed his name to Moses (YAWH) |
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Term
| What problems complicate the account of the Israelites’ conquest of Canaan? |
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Definition
| Bible says it was more of a Blitkreig, everything happened in one night. Archaeological evidence shows Canaan was already destroyed, possibly by cananite clans from across the river in the hill country |
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Term
| What sorts of figures were the ‘judges’ likely to have been in actuality? |
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Definition
| handle disputes: not official government, patriarchs, chiefton of the hill clan, no real organized governmetn |
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Term
| Why did the Israelites become a monarchy? |
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Definition
wanted a king like everyone else
philistines came in and pressured Israelites to have a king a fight back. Saul was the first king |
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Term
| What role does David play in Israelite identity and Jewish memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Solomon’s importance in Israelite history and Jewish memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role did the Kingdom of Israel play in the Divided Monarchy? What was its fate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role did the Kingdom of Judah play in the Divided Monarchy? What was its fate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What caused the loss of the “Ten Lost Tribes”? Where were they taken from, and where did they go? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does YHWH (‘Yahweh’) mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of the Law for Jews? How do they see it differently than Christians do? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the bronze age called the bronze age? |
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Definition
| they discovered (copper+tin) and they made weapons and tools out of it |
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