Term
|
Definition
| New style of painting, it moved away from renaissance classicism, Consciously rejected realism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most of 17th Century, exemplified mainly by Peter Paul. Emphasized emotion and Drama. Very complex in composition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emphasis is on the order of composition, complex machine, everything has to fit together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Known as the Greek in Toledo
St. Andrew and St. Francis (1595)
They are elongated
St. Mary Magdalene (1576-1578)
“reformed prostitute”
magdalenas set up for prostitutes who want to get out of the business
The Annunciation
Dream of Philip II (1579)
Hosts of heaven who are answering his prayer
Makes for effective propaganda
Christ Driving the Traders from the Temple (1600)
Instead of balanced anatomically correct figures, distorted
Colors highlight drama of biblical scene
The Knight (1584)
Capable of a realistic style for portraits
Unnamed knight
Portrait of a Cardinal (1600)
One of his more famous works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lived in an area of the Netherlands, devote catholic, painted a lot of nude women
One of the preeminent examples of Baroque
Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (c. 1616)
People had second and third degrees of understanding of these creatures
Working from imagination
Lots of action in this
Moves away from strict realism for a dramatic and emotional effect
St. George and the Dragon (1607)
Religious example
Chained Prometheus (1612)
Mythological example
Chained up in the mountains and an eagle would come and eat out his liver
Can see the physical distortion of Prometheus’ body really shows pain and agony
Different way to convey the drama of the story
Bacchanalia (c.1615)
Chubby naked people
A Bacchanalia was the ultimate example of moral horror, drunken orgies
Mythological example
Example of a Rubenesc female, rather plump
Venus at a Mirror (c. 1615)
Kate Moss would not have had a career as a model in this time…haha, plump women were preferred
Bathsheba at the fountain (c. 1635)
Biblical example
Right before David sees her and orders her to sleep with him
The Fur Cloak (1636-1639)
One hand does the business
Portrait of Marie de’ Medici (c. 1622)
Widow of King Henry IV of France |
|
|
Term
| Diego Velásquez: (1599-1600) |
|
Definition
Court painter of Spain
Philip IV in Brown and Silver (1631-1632)
Philip IV on Horseback (c. 1635)
Philip IV (1652-1653)
At the end of his life
He looks exhausted
Prince Balthasar Carlos (1635-1636)
Died at 13
The Count-Duke of Olivares on Horseback (1634)
Prime minister behind Philip the IV in his reign
After things went sideways for Spain in the 30 years war, he was dismissed from his post and later died insane
The Buffoon Calabazaz (c. 1639)
Jester for Spanish Court
The Dwarf Francisco Lezcano
Served the court
Juan de Pareja (1649)
Got fairly high up in society
Las Meninas (1656-1657)
Most famous of his work
Royal daughters, the infantas
Easily most famous
Surrender of Breda (c. 1634)
Marshal portrait for new palace built right outside of Madrid in the 1630’s
Great victory for Spain in 1625
Old Woman Frying Eggs (1618)
He liked to paint everyday life type pictures
Bacchus, “The Drunkards” (1629)
Dramatic use of light and dark to illuminate the main figure
Christ in the House of Mary and Martha (1618)
Mary listening to Christ
Martha looking disapproving in the kitchen
Fish and Eggs
Even though this is supposed to refer to a scene in the 1st century, they all wear 17th Century clothing |
|
|
Term
| Bartolomé Esteban Murillo: (1618-1682) |
|
Definition
No one follows him in Spain
Mainly worked out of Seville
The Prodigal Son Receives His Portion of the Inheritance (1660’s)
Did a lot of biblical scenes
The Departure of the Prodigal Son (1660’s)
The Prodigal Son Feasting with Courtesans (1660’s)
Prodigal Son Driven Out (1660’s)
The Prodigal Son Feeding Swine (1660’s)
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1660’s)
Series of paintings to tell a story
Andres de Andrade y la Col (1656)
Did portraits
Beggar Boy (c. 1650)
Scenes of everyday life
Grape and Melon Eaters (c. 1650)
Boy With Dog (c. 1650)
Very individualized subjects
The Flower Seller
Three Boys (c. 1668-1670)
African figure
Some in S. Spain at the time
Two Women at a Window (c. 1670)
Looking at the viewer
Enigmatic expression on the woman’s face
Young Man Drinking (c. 1670)
Pleased expression
Four Figures on a Step (1655-1660)
No one has ever been able to figure out the meaning of it
All the figures except the boy are looking at the viewer
All the expressions, mocking, incredulous, engage viewer |
|
|
Term
| Rembrandt van Rijn: (1606-1669) |
|
Definition
Most famous of the time
Dutch master in the middle of the 17th Century
Known for his use of light and shadow
Dr. Nicolaes Tulp’s Demonstration of the Anatomy of an Arm (1632)
Light and dark contrast
Medicine/science in Dutch republic
Probably could really see this scene
The Night-Watch (1642)
Fairly famous scene
Turning over of the guard in a Dutch Town
Took place while the war with the Spanish was still going on
Use of color and light to highlight the light and dark figures
The Syndics of the Clothmaker’s Guild
The Amsterdam Merchant Nicolaes Ruts (1631)
Albert Cuyper
Biblical Scenes The Feast of Belshazzar (c. 1635)
The Angel Stopping Abraham from Sacrificing Isaac to God (1635)
Light and shadow again in this biblical scene
Entombment of Christ (1636-1639)
Unknown source of light lights up Christ |
|
|
Term
| William Hogarth: (1697-1764) |
|
Definition
English Artist best known for his engravings and paintings satirizing English life and Morals
Did some portraits, but by that time England was more commercially oriented
Examples:
The Rake’s Progress (1732): series of 8 paintings
Impregnates a girl and won’t marry her and gets new fancy clothes
Gets in with the right kind of people
Has a fun time drinking and whoring and losing his money
Maid begging him to be faithful
He has made a lot of money and here comes a debt collector
Marries a rich widow after blowing his inheritance
Needs money! So he marries a woman he doesn’t care about for her wealth
He starts drinking and gambling again with her money
Of course it all falls apart and is taken into debtors prison and ends up in the loony bin and the ever faithful maid is coming towards him
Marriage a-la-mode (1743-1745)
Visit to the Quack Doctor (1743)
Chairing of the Member (1755)
Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751)
Alcoholic beverages
Other scenes of him mocking blood sports |
|
|
Term
| Antonio Vivaldi: (1678-1741) |
|
Definition
Baroque
Venetian violinist and composer, known as the red priest
Most famous for establishing the Late Baroque form of the concerto (orchestral piece that focuses on a solo instrument or a solo group of instruments) → especially by establishing the three-movement pattern (fast, slow, fast)
Famous Work: The Four Seasons |
|
|
Term
| George Friedrich Handel: (1685-1759) |
|
Definition
Baroque
German-born composer who primarily worked in England
Famous for Oratorios (singing) and operas; popular composer
Famous Works
The Messiah (1741)
Water Music (1714)
Music for Royal Fireworks (1749) |
|
|
Term
| Johann Sebastian Bach: (1685-1750) |
|
Definition
Baroque
German organist and composer, wrote things only he could play
Famous Works:
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor
Six Bradenburg Concertos
The Passion According to St. Matthew
Air on G
Revival and Influence
Known but not as popular in terms of concerts
Mendelson helped revive his reputation in the 18th century, ever since he’s been widely considered as one of the great composers of all time |
|
|
Term
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: (1756-1791) |
|
Definition
Classical
Austrian Composer and Musical Genius, known for mastery of all forms of classical music
First concerto at age 5, first symphony at age 11
Lived to be only 35
Original scores were impeccable, he literally heard music in his head and wrote it down.
Famous Works:
Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Overture to the Marriage of Figaro
Requiem Mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much lighter, less complex, harmony, balance in the composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Core Ideals
Faith in Reason: that by natural reason and using the critical faculties of your mind you can get to the truth. This is reason as opposed to faith, revelation, divine/supernatural source. It is also a rejection of Descartes’ “cogito ergo sum” idea of innate idea. Using reason to prove faith.
Faith in scientific method: by careful observation and experiment, you can gain a true understanding of the world and how it works, not necessarily why it works.
Suspicion of superstition and tradition: just because somebody said it a thousand years ago…big deal. What have they done for me lately? Just because Aristotle said it does that mean it’s true? ARistotles credit in particular was at an all time low because he had been shown to be wrong about so much in the physical world, if he was wrong here, why wasn’t he wrong in the metaphysical world. Anti-traditionalism leads to crisis in France and French Revolution.
Generally optimistic: Augustinian view, world is a veil of tears and everything is marred by original sin, it’s all going to be hard until we pass the test to heaven.
Varied Outcomes
Split between those who remain in the orthodox Christian religion. Those who said they could understand natural order without God interfering (deist) and orthodox (God is meddling). Atheists emerged, matter is all that matters.
Politics: philosopher king! Enlightened scholars vs.
Upper middle class and above
Did you know the founding fathers wanted to create a democracy? Maybe not. Basic commitments to reason and science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From an old noble family; educated in Law
Publishes The Persian Letters anonymously (1721)
Actually commenting on French practices, mocked French customs, became “belle of the ball” |
|
|
Term
| The Spirit of the Laws (1748) |
|
Definition
Rejected classical tripartite formal divisions of government, instead looked at values that motivated each type
Government by 1: Monarchy, motivated by honor
Government by a few: Aristocracy
Government by all: democracy/Republic, motivated by virtue
Argued for a separation of powers, tried to analyze the values that motivated each type. If people believe in a certain dogma, they will support it even if it’s false. → immediate fame, but placed on index in 1751 |
|
|
Term
| Voltaire: Francois-Marie Arouet, (1694-1778) |
|
Definition
From middle-class family; Father and Uncle
Detested Father: Bourgeoisie
Loved free loving uncle
Voltaire was a playwright and very witty
Exile in England (1726-1728) in Bastile Prison as well
Had an affinity with England, LOVES it
Publishes the Philosophical Letters (1734) → threatened with arrest →
Pretends to be a traveler in England, various people come to talk to him, he writes about the traditions of England
Thought the nonabsolutist monarchy was much better than what was in France
Very pro religious toleration (france=catholic church is state church)
Flees to Madame du Chatelet → publishes Elements of the Phisophy of Newton (1738)
Voltaire again flees
Together they publish this, beginning of the end of the decrease in Cartesianism, approaching Newtonian views
Admired John Locke and his epistemology and rejection of innate idea and learning from the senses and experience, really helped popularize Locke in France
Work on Encyclopedia
Publishes Candide (1758): main target was philosophical arguments of livests, mocks superstition, in the end Candide ends up in Turkey and discovers the key to happiness is enjoying tending a garden and sticking to himself
Correspondence and Activism: in Switzerland, talks to people all over Europe, Friend of Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, helped spread these new ideals. Also involved in Activism: notorious cases of injustice, he would bring his fame in and point out irrationalities of judicial practices
Legacy: he was a tireless advocate of values, he was a big proponent of religious toleration, church and state should be separate, he was a deist, advocate for reason, early voice of reason against oppression and torture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inspired by Ephraim Chamber’s Cyclopedia (1728)
Editors – Mathematician Jean d’Alembert (1745) and Denis Diderot (1746)
Funded by subscription: had to pay upfront
28 volumes: loads of science, anatomy, animals, new enlightened approaches to old topics
Enlightened Authors
Editing Tone, Diderot chose tone, he lent a very distinct anti-clerical, anti-religious tone as a whole, use the encyclopedia to get the basic overview and become familiar at some level with something you don’t know. Allowed a much broader reading public
Influence |
|
|
Term
| Denis Diderot: (1713-1784) |
|
Definition
From upper middle class: ghost writer for other people
Early crisis of faith
Philosophic Thoughts (1746) was an attack on Christianity directly and Indiscreet Jewels (1748) → reputation, kinda was porn
Essay on Blindness (1749): if there is a God, why does he make people blind? Diderot is pretty materialist, doesn’t really believe in a God. If there’s just matter, then obv there isn’t a God, must be something else (basic idea of evolution)
Work on the Encyclopedia (1751-1765): most significantly known for his work on this.
Supplement to the Travels of Bougainville (1772): French explorer who went to the South Pacific, went to Tahiti and noted the different customs of the natives (not monogamous) argued the Christian secular morality is not universal |
|
|
Term
| Jean Jacques Rousseau: (1712-1778) |
|
Definition
Early Life
Early Childhood in Geneva (1712-1722): grew up there and his father (before he skipped town) was a very big influence on him
The Baronne de Warens, catholic noble woman who set up charity to convert young protestant boys to Catholicism, they became lovers, he learned music from her
Music and Philosophy: was a great music teacher, eventually made his way to Paris, always had a philosophical part to him, comes into the circle of enlightenment thinkers,
Friendship with Diderot in the late 1740’s
Therese Lavasseur, didn’t marry her till the end of his life, 5 children with her and put them away because he believed he would be a bad father
Moment of Illumination (1749) → A Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts
Moment of illumination: came to the conclusion, something that was different than enlightenment thinkers, civilization is not all that it’s cracked up to be.
Rousseau said civilization is the source of corruption of man, man in his natural state is pure
Rousseau the Political Theorist
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755)
Natural and artificial inequalities
Not everyone is created equally, we’re not all the same.
There are natural differences in capacity, but there are also artificial ones created in society (coming from a wealthy family as opposed to a poor family
Viewed man as originally solitary
Vice and evil is an inevitable consequence of society
The creation of property ala Locke was a fatal creation that enshrined inequality (rich/poor. Once you have that the game is over) |
|
|
Term
| The Social Contract (1762) |
|
Definition
Starts with one of the most famous lines…”Everywhere man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains”
True order can only come from obeying a self imposed law, people have to be involved in creating the laws of government or else it is just slavery
Concept of the general will
How do you know what is a public interest, common good or special interest?
General will: can never be wrong, looks towards public good, never specifies how to distinguish it, very unclear about it
Responsibility of a true republican society to force man to be free…how do you do that? He’s not very clear on what he means
Mainly used to educate people to becoming good citizens
Believed Christianity was a bad state of religion, it’s true but it shouldn’t be preached (it’s not useful to society)
Quarrel with Voltaire and Diderot (1762) civilization is the problem
Emile (1762): only corrupted by externals of civilized life, for boys…republican politics, Believed women were meant to be in the kitchen
Legacy
1. Provided 1st widespread critique of civilization itself, early critique of property that would lead to Marx
2. By emphasizing emotion over reason he provided early impetus for what will become romanticist
3. most influential writer on education after Locke
4. His writings mark the beginning of the end of the age of reason |
|
|
Term
| The Diplomatic Revolution |
|
Definition
| (1756): alliance between the two old enemies (Austrians and French), interests are more in line with each other than our other alliances. Now they’re on the same side, in the mean time, Prussia allied with Britain |
|
|
Term
| King Frederick William I of Prussia: (r.1713-1740) |
|
Definition
Personality and Background
Hated the French, would beat people he thought were too fancy to further discourage any ties with French culture, he would dress up the people who were about to be hung in French clothing
Cheapskate. He would hobble around Berlin at night to put out the candles so as not to waste wax
Extremely frugal
While he was still prince, he had a brief experience in the war of Spanish succession, taught him that the only way Prussia could be respected was if they had a strong military, focused on creating a world class military
Policies
Economic: mercantilist economic policy, sponsored state industries, high tariffs to keep out imports
Administrative: streamlined bureaucracy, efficient, people did their duty, not a lot of shenanagins
Educational – compulsory primary education (1717): decreed that everyone had to have a primary education
Foreign Policy: one of peace, for a brief moment he was involved in a war, wanted to create a military but didn’t want to risk it, kept out of the major wars in Europe
Military – “The Drill-Sergeant King”
The Canton System (1733): all males of military age in Prussia were tied to the ground to land in specific districts and those districts were responsible for creating a part of the standing army. All males were trained for military
The Militarization of Culture: everything that had value in Prussia was tied to military virtue and goals. All traditional land owning aristocracy was incorporated into the state as bureaucracy and officers, the army becomes the central organizing institution.
Legacy: left a very centralized and efficient government, greatly increased the size of the army…grew to 83,000 men out of a population of 2.2 million and was the third largest army in Europe (smaller than France and Russia), left an 8 million taller surplus in the treasury upon his death |
|
|
Term
| Frederick the Great: (r. 1740-1786) |
|
Definition
Love for French art and culture → conflict with Frederick William, tried to run away from home with one of his friends at age 18 and Frederick William had reason to suspect that he and his friend were lovers (homosexual?), so Frederick William captured his 18 year old son and made him watch from the window as he beheaded his friend. Frederick II was married but didn’t have sex. Eventually the Prince and his father reconciled because Frederick II realized that if he wanted to inherit he needed to be on good terms
Reading the Enlightenment
The Pragmatic Sanction and the Issue of the Austrian Succession
Hapsburg emperor Charles didn’t have a son, wanted to keep the Imperial title in the Hapsburg family (does have a daughter) he goes around all the courts of Europe and makes a deal for everyone to support his daughter as Empress, people didn’t know what to think about this
Frederick accedes to the throne (May 31, 1740)
Charles VI dies (Oct. 20, 1740) → Maria Teresa Succeeds
Frederick presses his claims to Silesia: Frederick says he’ll support her if she gives him this province and she didn’t go for that, so this leads to a war… |
|
|
Term
| The War of the Austrian Succession: (1740-1748) |
|
Definition
Lasts for 8 years because other parties get involved
The Wealth of Silesia: lots of natural resources
The Prussian Army was able to demonstrate how great it was, was able to mobilize very quickly, whereas Maria Teresa was doing it the old fashioned way…couldn’t get her forces together fast enough
The Battle of Mollwitz (April 10, 1741): Prussian army crushes Maria Teresa
The Widening War – Britain and France enter (1742): push in and get involved. Britain doesn’t want France to knock out Austria, so they join too. This has spread to most of the major state entities of Europe. Austria wasn’t really fighting anymore (Britain-Austria / France-Prussia)
Stalemate in the West (1745-1748) Prussia pushes back into the war, essentially a stalemate, everyone comes to negotiate
Peace and the Road to war
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
Administering Silesia: Prussia gets it. Frederick has no strong religious views of his own, he let Silesia keep their religion (religious toleration) and this calmed a lot of people in Silesia down, all he wanted was tax revenue and manpower for his armies, very light administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (r. 1740-1780) tried to reform Austria (copy Prussia) with a more modernized military |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Character of Louis: came to the throne at the age of 5, isolated and pampered, not till late in his life, he shows no desire to work towards governance, indecisive
“The Father of the Nation”
bc he had so many illegitimate children
Dominated by a series of Ministers and Mistresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Ministry of Fleury (1726-1743)
Andre Hercule de Fleury – Cardinal and Tutor
Reformed ministry in a sense that they realized the hideous war debt that was left needed to be addressed
Desire to Retrench, not get involved in other wars, pretty successful with this
Limitation on expenditures with controller Orry
Improving infrastructure: only thing he was interested in spending money on, in hopes the Economic development of France would increase
→ Peace and prosperity: did a good job of staying out
Peace with Austria, War with Austria: some members of the French nobility were part of a war faction believed France needed to demonstrate its power, despite Fleury’s best efforts France went to war
Successful in Netherlands Louis XV decided to give back all his conquest in the Austrian Netherlands, popular in Austria but this made him unpopular back in France |
|
|
Term
| Madame de Pompadour: (1721-1764) |
|
Definition
Detested Frederick the Great of Prussia
Louis’ mistress from 1745 to 1750; advisor from 1750 to 1764
Patron of art and literature, it is believed the encyclopedia wouldn’t have been published without her, she was sympathetic to enlightenment ideas
The continuing problem of debt → The Edict of Marly (1749) → resistance → The King backs down (1751)
Edict of Marly basically said that land would be taxed equally without regard to your civil status, Nobles were to pay the same tax…Nobles didn’t want to so they cause a fit so their allies in the Parlement rose up and pitched a fit
Louis can’t handle it so he backs down
Makes for a very small tax face, means royal government cannot get enough money to pay off it’s debt, but is at least paying off interest
The claims of the Parlement of Paris: say king doesn’t have power to sweep away power, focal point for opposition to royal policy
Underground literature – poissonnades
Printed in the Netherlands where it was much freer and smuggled in
Joke because Madame’s last name was poisson, so there was this whole genre of illegal literature that was passed on with delight
Very scandalous, it seems Louis cannot “stand up to his woman” and it’s frankly pornographic
Helps undermine Louis’ kingship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
System of integrated trading that developed over the course of the 18th Century in the Atlantic
Growing Demand in Europe
The Triangle trade
The European Leg: Raw materials are traded for European manufactured goods shipped to Africa
The African Leg: European manufactured goods are traded for slaves shipped to America
The American Leg: Slaves are traded for raw materials shipped to Europe
→ Emergence of merchant class in colonies
→ Early accumulation of capital
Emergence of Integrated economy in the Atlantic |
|
|
Term
| The French and Indian War: (1754-1763) |
|
Definition
The War
Skirmishes from 1754 – George Washington and Fort Necessity
The British Struggling (1754-1758)
The Role of the Indians
The Gobal Strategy of William Pitt the Elder (PM 1756-1761, 1766-1768)
The British Naval Blockade (1758-1759)
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Sept. 13, 1759) – Wolfe vs. Montcalm → Fall of Quebec
Montreal Falls (1760)
The Treaty of Paris (1763)
France cedes all territory east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans |
|
|
