Term
| What are the 3 philosophical foundations of person-centered theory? |
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Definition
-phenomenology
-humanism
-existentialism |
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Term
| Study of human consciousness; focus on subjective, inner reality |
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Definition
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Term
| All people tend to naturally move towards positive growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Life as inherently meaningless or neutral until a person creates meaning |
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Definition
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Term
3 conditions promote client change: empathy, counselor genuineness, and unconditional regard
(Approach) |
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Definition
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Term
People must be understood holistically and contextually
(Approach) |
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Definition
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Term
| Who developed person-centered theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| First researcher to record counseling sessions |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 things PCT challenges against the directive and psychoanalytic approaches |
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Definition
-the assumption that "counselor knows best"
-the validity of suggestion/persuasion, teaching the disorder, and interpretation
-the belief that clients can not resolve their own problems without direct help
-the focus on problems over person |
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Term
Humanistic vs. Psychoanalytic
Goals |
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Definition
Promote growth
Cure mental illness |
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Term
Humanistic vs. Psychoanalytic
How to improve |
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Definition
Take responsibility for actions and feelings
Bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness |
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Term
Humanistic vs. Psychoanalytic
Role of therapist |
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Definition
Provide an environment in which growth can occur
Provide interpretation |
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Term
Humanistic vs. Psychoanalytic
Content of therapy |
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Definition
Conscious feelings, actual self, and ideal self
Unconscious conflicts |
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Term
Humanistic vs. Psychoanalytic
Time focus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Client-centered
Non-directive
Process-oriented |
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Term
| Who determines the goal of PCT counseling? |
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Definition
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Term
| PCT places greater attention on ______ ("how" life is experienced) more than what "happens." |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 underlying premises of PCT |
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Definition
-people are inherently good
-people have an innate need to grow and develop
-people have the ability to solve their own problems |
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Term
People have the innate need to grow and develop
(PCT) |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 process goals of PCT (increase) |
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Definition
-ability to identify emotions in the present
-sense of responsibility for own problems and their resolution
-sense of agency and proactive behavior in work life
-frequency of peak experience and flow in work life
-ability to set realistic expectations for self and others to increase acceptance
-ability to trust the evolving and changing nature of the self |
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Term
| One process goal of PCT (decrease) |
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Definition
| use of facades in personal relationships to increase experience of intimacy |
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Term
| 3 Core conditions of PCT that are necessary and sufficient for change |
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Definition
-counselor congruence/genuineness
-unconditional positive regard
-accurate empathetic understanding of the client |
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Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(PCT) |
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Definition
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety and security
3. Love and belonging
4. Self-esteem
5. Self Actualization |
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Term
Self-actualization (3)
(PCT) |
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Definition
-becoming that self which one truly is
-living an authentic. meaningful life
-fulfilling one's potential |
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Term
| 7 things PCTherapists do NOT do |
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Definition
-reassuring cliches
-give advice
-request an explanation
-agree with client
-disagree with client
-give approval
-give disapproval |
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Term
| William Miller and James Rollnick |
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Definition
| Motivational Interviewing |
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Term
4 forces that block change
(MI) |
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Definition
diablos concidos
fear of failure
reactance/resistance
lack of alternate coping techniques |
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Term
| the status quo is familiar, change is unpredictable and anxiety-provoking behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| The Spirit of Motivational Interviewing |
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Definition
-collaborative
-evocative
-honoring patient autonomy |
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Term
| What does MI seek to resolve in order to enhance intrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-express empathy
-develop discrepancy
-roll with resistance
-support self-efficacy |
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Term
| What techniques does a MI counselor use to roll with resistance? |
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Definition
OARS
O: open ended questions
A: affirmations
R: reflection
S: summarizing |
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Term
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Definition
-strong research support for importance of empathy, positive regard, and congruence (necessary but NOT sufficient)
-the focus on individual's subjective experience allows it to be easily adapted to diverse populations |
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Term
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Definition
-non directive approach may be bad for clients who prefer structured, practical approach and who are not able to find their own answers
-difficult to standardize for research because the lack of specific techniques
-rose colored glasses; perhaps overly positive view of human condition
-theory has not evolved much since 60s |
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Term
| 5 Pros of therapist self-disclosure |
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Definition
-normalizes client condition
-validates client
-increases empathy
-increases credibility
-humanizing |
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Term
| 4 Cons of therapist self-disclosure |
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Definition
-may detract from work of therapy
-loss of credibility
-crossing boundaries
-risk of countertransference |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic view of self disclosure |
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Definition
-discourages it because it favors neutrality
-therapists should be a blank screen upon which clients can project thoughts/feelings
-see neutrality as essential for uncovering, interpreting, and resolving client transference |
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Term
| CBT view of self disclosure |
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Definition
-can be used to model coping strategies and problem solving techniques
-expressly encourages judicious SD |
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Term
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Definition
-it shows therapist is genuine and has positive regard for the client (which are vital to promote openness, intimacy, trust, self-understanding, and change)
-therapists can serve as role models
-equalizes the power in therapeutic relationships |
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Term
| 3 Guiding principles of self disclosure |
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Definition
-disclosure should always be made in service of client's benefit
-be mindful of content
-return focus to client after disclosure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gestalt = whole or form
We are more than just the sum of our parts |
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Term
Awareness of the here and now and accepting responsibility for one's self
(Gestalt) |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Gestalt therapy, when do psychological problems arise? |
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Definition
| When a person avoids direct contact with parts of themself |
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Term
| (Gestalt) People can deal with problems if _______. |
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Definition
| they become aware of what is happening within and outside themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| help client achieve greater sense of wholeness, awareness, and aliveness |
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Term
| Perl's 5 part process of becoming more authentic |
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Definition
1. phony layer
2. phobic layer
3. impasse layer
4. implosive layer
5. explosive layer |
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Term
| (Layer) Person lives according to "shoulds" and habit; inauthentic life |
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Definition
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Term
| (Layer) Person becomes worried and fearful that something is amiss |
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Definition
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Term
| (Layer) Person feels stuck and more open to seeking help; don't know where to go |
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Definition
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Term
| (Layer) Person feels empty and lost inside |
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Definition
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Term
| (Layer) Person lets go of old pretenses, releasing bursts of new energy for authentic action |
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Definition
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Term
Examined dysfunctions in ailing marriages and functions in working ones
Research-based and data driven |
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Definition
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Term
| Gestalt counselors view people as: |
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Definition
| never-ending sequence of polarities or complementary parts |
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Term
| 4 examples of polarities/disowned parts |
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Definition
-social self vs. natural self
-adult vs. child
-perfect vs. failure
-emotional vs. logical |
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Term
Change happens when:
(Gestalt) |
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Definition
| a disowned part is reintegrated into the rest of the identity |
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Term
| The more one tries to change and be what they're not, the more one stays the same |
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Definition
| The Paradoxical Theory of Change |
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Term
| What is the goal behind the Paradoxical Theory of Change? |
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Definition
| Accept that what "is," is and to make peace with what one is |
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Term
| Shares thoughts, perceptions, and feelings as they occur in session to awaken client's authentic self |
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Definition
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Term
| Willing to model for imperfection; does NOT hide behind professional veneer |
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Definition
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Term
| Here and now; presence and spontaneity |
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Definition
| Gestalt therapeutic relationship |
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Term
| any incompletely expressed or non-expressed feelings which often become resentment |
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Definition
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Term
| Interventions of Gestalt therapy |
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Definition
-empty chair/2 chair
-body awareness
-dream work
-semantics/language modification |
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Term
(Intervention)
Talk to empty chair as if another person or part of self
Not venting
Opportunity to experiment with authentic expression in safe context |
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Definition
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Term
(Intervention)
-Every emotion has a physiological component
-Repressed/suppressed emotions are expressed in the body
-Exercise helps clients identify and more effectively manage crisis emotions |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in Gestalt dream work |
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Definition
-Therapist does not know more than client
-Integration not interpretation
-Dreams are attempts to integrate the parts of self
-Explore what characters/parts of self may represent, what is neglected or emphasized in a person's life |
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Term
| Direct clients to modify their language to highlight their autonomy, choice, and responsibility |
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Definition
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Term
| Contribution of Gestalt therapy |
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Definition
| The focus on the individual's subjective experience allows it to be adapted to diverse populations |
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Term
| 3 Criticisms of Gestalt therapy |
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Definition
-little research on process/outcomes (except for chair intervention)
-emotionally reserved clients may find emphasis on feelings offputting
-may not be useful for clients who had difficulty abstracting and imagining |
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