Term
| What are the primary functions of the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
protection
sensation
thermoregulation
synthesis of Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| What is the vermillion border? |
|
Definition
| where skin is continuous with mucous membranes |
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|
Term
| What are functions of the hypodermis? |
|
Definition
stores energy
insulates
allows for independence of movement of skin and muscle |
|
|
Term
| describe the stratum germinativum (basale) |
|
Definition
bottom layer
mitotically active
cuboidal/ columnar cells
connected to underlying tissues via hemidesmosomes. |
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Term
| Describe the stratum spinosum |
|
Definition
non mitotic
started to differentiate
look like they are connect via tiny hairs |
|
|
Term
| Describe the stratum granulosum |
|
Definition
| Contains keratohyaline granules |
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|
Term
| Describe the stratum lucidum |
|
Definition
| transitional layer. Only seen in thick skin. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the stratum corneum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial |
|
Definition
stratum germinativum/ basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| Where do melanocytes originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize melanin and package it into melanosomes. melanin is delivered to keratinocytes. |
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|
Term
| Where do Langerhans cells originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Langerhans cells do? |
|
Definition
| Migrate through the skin and bind to foreign antigens. Bring antigens to basement membrane and into blood vessel where they are carried to lymphocytes. |
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|
Term
| Where do Merkel cells originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synapse with sensory neurons in stratum basale to help transduce tactile sensation |
|
|
Term
| What are apocrine sweat glands? |
|
Definition
| Secretion involves partial loss of cell because they secrete feromones. found in aveolae, perianal, and genital areas. |
|
|
Term
| What are eccrine sweat glands? |
|
Definition
| secrete sweat via exocytosis. Do not excrete any cellular matter. Involved in thermoregulation. Controlled by sympathetic nervous system. make finger prints. |
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|
Term
| What are the three layers of the cutaneous vasculature? |
|
Definition
papillary plexus (basal layer of epidermis)
cutaneous plexus (border of dermis and hypodermis)
subcutaneous plexus (hypodermis) |
|
|
Term
| What controls the cutaneous vasculature? |
|
Definition
| the sympathetic hypothalamic thermoregulatory center |
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|
Term
| What do peripheral temp receptors detect? |
|
Definition
| change in environmental temp |
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|
Term
| What do central temp receptors detect? |
|
Definition
| Change in the core body temp |
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|
Term
| What type of neurons detect increased temp? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic cholinergic neurons |
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|
Term
| what neurons detect and regulate decreased body temp? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic adrenergic neurons |
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|
Term
| what gives bone compressional strength and tensile strength? |
|
Definition
compressional-hydroxyapatite
tensile- type I collagen |
|
|
Term
| Where is yellow bone marrow found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is red bone marrow found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the CT that is found on the outside of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the different layers of periosteum |
|
Definition
Outer layer- fibrous- musculotendinous complex
Inner layer- cellular- contains bone forming and degrading cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the fibers called that attach the musculotendinous complex to bone? |
|
Definition
| Sharpy's or Perforating Fibers |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of canals found in compact bone? |
|
Definition
Haversian canals- run parallel to the bone
Perforating/ Volkman's Canals- run perpendicular to the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small channels extending from lacunae. Allow diffusion to outer most layers of osteon. Joined by gap junctions to create a functional syncytion |
|
|
Term
| What are interstitial lamellae? |
|
Definition
| b/w osteons. Remnants of old haversian systems |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for spongy bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is spongy bone found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of CT that covers the spongy bone and lines the inside of compact bone. It contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts. |
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|
Term
| How long does osteogenesis last? |
|
Definition
| from 4 months before birth until 20-21 years old. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are found in lacuna of the matrix. Develop from osteoblasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They make Type I collagen. Turn into osteocytes.
Found on periosteum and endosteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very big mutlinucleated cells that dissolve bone. Found on periosteum and endosteum.
Derived from blood monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are osteoprogenitor cells? |
|
Definition
| Undifferentiated cells that give rise to osteoblasts. Found on periosteum and endosteum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unmineralized, unossified collagen |
|
|
Term
| What is the Howship's lacuna? |
|
Definition
| where osteoclast sits and forms seal to break down bone. |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins and minerals are required for osteogenesis? |
|
Definition
calcium & phosphate- hydroxyapatite
amino acids- collagen synthesis
Vitamin A- mineral uptake
vitamin C- collagen synthesis
Vitamins D,K, and B12- osteobast functioning |
|
|
Term
| What hormones regulate bone formation? |
|
Definition
IGF
thyroid hormones
sex hormones
parathyroids, calcitonin, calcitriol |
|
|
Term
| Describe intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
Converts mesoderm directly into bone. Cells are restricted to osteoprogenitor pattern and differentiate into osteoblasts.
Deeloping bone looks like needle projections-> trabeculae. Bone is invaded by blood vessels and osteoclasts form. |
|
|
Term
| Describe endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
mesoderm is converted to hyaline cartilage and then into bone.
Perichondrion (CT) surrounds hayaline cartilage and becomes like periosteum. Some of those cells turn into osteoprogenitors -> osteoblasts.
A layer of bone is laid down below the periosteum, cutting off blood supply. This becomes the periosteal collar. It is the primary ossification center. Osteoclasts degrade spicules to form marrow cavity. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the secondary ossification center form? and what does it become? |
|
Definition
Epiphysis.
Epiphyseal growth plate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oldest cartilage in the body and where is it found? |
|
Definition
| articular cartilage. It is found on the top of the secondary growth plate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It adds thickness and diameter, changing the shape and size of the bone. It predominates before puberty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It replaces old bone with microfractures and gives definition and shape. |
|
|
Term
| What does the growth plate turn into after puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raises blood Ca levels by taking Ca out of bone and decreasing amount of Ca excreted in urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases absorption of Ca in the intestine |
|
|
Term
| What happens to cells when there is too much calcium? |
|
Definition
| cells are hypoexcited and the threshold is raised. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is too little calcium? |
|
Definition
| Excitable cells become hyperexcited, which affects Na channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It stops bone form breaking down and lowers Ca concentrations by promoting Ca excretion. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of muscle cells continue dividing and which do not. |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle continues to divide a lot and cardiac muscle can't at all. skeletal is in between. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer boundary for muscle cells- the plasma membrane |
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|
Term
| What are the cells in skeletal muscle that allow new cells to replace old ones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe skeletal muscle myogenesis |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated myoblasts form actin and myosin in cytoplasm. Many myoblasts fuse to form a myotube. As more actin and myosin is made, nuclei get pushed to the outside. |
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|
Term
| What is the growth factor that limits how big muscles can get? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the CT wrappings in skeletal muscle and where they are found in the muscle. |
|
Definition
Endomysium- surrounds myofiber
Perimysium- surrounds the fascicle
Epimysium- Surrounds the whole muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| It surrounds each myofibril and senses changes in the sarcolemma. It stores Ca. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the skeletal muscle triad |
|
Definition
| sarcolemma invaginates into cell to form T- tubules which touch the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the A-bands in the sarcomere |
|
Definition
| Dark bands. lots of thick myofilaments. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the I-bands in the sarcomere |
|
Definition
| light bands. Contain actin only. |
|
|
Term
| What are the Z-lines of the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
| Dark lines that divide the I-band |
|
|
Term
| What is the M-line of the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
| DOwn the middle of the sarcomere. |
|
|
Term
| What is the H-zone of the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
| THe region with myosin only. It flanks the M-line. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of troponin and tropomyosin |
|
Definition
| tropomyosin covers up the myosin binding site on actin and troponin locks it in place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that regulates the size of filaments and the sarcomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts like a spring so sarcomere can return to original length. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that lines up the sarcomeres. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that links myofibril to the sarcolemma at the castamere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of muscular dystrophy where linker proteins are absent |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes that happen in the sarcomere when the muscle contracts |
|
Definition
| The Z-lines get closer together, the I-bands get skinnier and the H-zone gets skinnier. The A-band stays the same length. |
|
|
Term
| What are the interlocking proteins in the triad? |
|
Definition
dihydropyridine- receptors on the T-tubule
ryanodine- receptors on the SR. Calcium channels |
|
|
Term
| What binds to troponin to allow actin and myosin cross bridge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Experimental phenomenon where 1 action potential causes 1 sarcomere contraction |
|
|
Term
| What type of summation happens in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is sustained muscle contraction called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the periosteum found? |
|
Definition
| on the outside fo bone but not on articluar surfaces |
|
|
Term
| where do intramembranous and endochondral osteogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
intramembranous- flat bones
endochondral- long bones |
|
|
Term
| What are the determinants of tension? |
|
Definition
the amount of actin and mysoin
the amount of physical stress
the frequency of stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the different muscle fiber types? |
|
Definition
type I- red. aerobic. lots of O2 and myoglobin. Holds modest contraction for a long time. many mitochondria. low glycogen content.
type II- white. aerobic. strong contraction for a short period of time. |
|
|
Term
| What joins cardiac muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does calcium come into the cell in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| from the outside via alveoli |
|
|
Term
| what is single unit smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| responds to hormones and ANS. have gap junctions so that all cells contract at once |
|
|
Term
| What is multi-unti smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| no gap junctions. respond to hormones and ANS separately. Not a functional synctitium. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how contraction is initiated in smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| Ca comes in form outside and binds to calmodulin. CAlmodulin starts reaction cascade which activated chainkinase which phosphorylates myosin and increases ATPase activity. Cross-bridges form. |
|
|
Term
| What is the last living layer and the first dead layer of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
stratum lucidum is first dead layer
stratum granulosum is last living layer |
|
|
Term
True or false: the dermis is vascualrized.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is holocrine secretion? |
|
Definition
| entire cell is released to the free surface. this happens with sebacceous glands. the cell is shed into the hair folicle and bursts to secrete oil. |
|
|
Term
| what does anastemotic mean? |
|
Definition
| alternative patterns of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what is the latent period in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| when Ca is being made available |
|
|
Term
| What are the three roles of ATP in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
-provides force for movement
-breaks cross bridge
- pumps Ca into the SR |
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