Term
| Effectors in Visceral/autonomic reflexes |
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, smooth, & glands |
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Term
| Effector in Somatic reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| H& E stain and its colors |
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Definition
hematoxylin-blue-binds to negative charges
eosin-pink-binds to pos structures |
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Term
| What are the adult tissue types and where do they arise from? |
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Definition
epithelium- all 3
CT- mesoderm
muscle- mesoderm
neural tissue- ectoderm |
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Term
| Name the types of intercellular junctions |
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Definition
adhering: macula adherens (desmosomes) and zonula adherens (belt desmosomes)
Occluding: aka tight junction
Communicating: aka gap junction- terminal bars |
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Term
| Types of cells in CT and their functions |
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Definition
fibroblasts: make diff fibers
mast cells/ basophils: immunological rxns via granules
Adipocytes: fat storage
Lymphocytes: secrete aanitbodies
Macrophages: phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-neuron is anatomical unit
- law of dynamic polarization
- neuron is embryological unit
- neuron is metabolic (trophic) unit
- neuron is basic info processing unit |
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Term
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Definition
| Large aggregations of ribosomes in nnerve cell body |
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Term
| What are lipofuscin granules? |
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Definition
| globs of digested material in nerve cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| epineurium covers fascicles which are covered by perineurium. endoneurium covers processes & schwann cells |
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Term
| Name the glial cells in CNS and give their functions |
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Definition
satellite cells-hold ganglia together instead of CT
oligodendralglial- myelinate cells
gray matter- synaptic. unmyelinated
white matter- tracts. myelinated
astrocytes-associated w/ blood/brain barrier, branch to connect stuff, attach memges to brain
microglial-immune defense
ependymal- line ventricals in choriod plexus to selectively transport stuff into CSF |
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Term
| Standard resting potential equals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-closed but able to be opened; -70 (resting pot)
-open: -50 - +30 (threshold to peak)
-closed & inactivated: +30- -70 (peak to resting) |
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Term
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Definition
-closed: -70 - +30 (delayed opening triggered at threshold. remains closed to peak)
-open: +30 - -80 (peak to hyperpolarization) |
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Term
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Definition
-pre-synaptic: neurotrans release prevented
-post-synaptic: graded potentials cancel each other out |
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Term
| What is the opening in the vertebrae where the spinal cord is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the openings in the vertebrae where the spinal nerves exit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the spinal cord start and stop |
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Definition
| foramen magnum to L1 or L2 |
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Term
| What is the bottom of the spinal cord called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements and where are they located? |
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Definition
places with increased # of neurons
cervical enlargement: C4-T1
lumbar enlargement: T11-L1 |
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Term
| What are the lateral extensions of the pia that anchor the cord from side to side? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do the meninges end? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the points of symmetry in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| central canal, anterior median fissure, and posterior median salus |
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Term
| What is the name for the crossing b/w both sides of gray matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name all the sections of spinal nerves (letter followed by number) in order |
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Definition
| C1-8, T 1-12, L1-5, S1-5, coccyx (1-3) |
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Term
| What is the name for the bottom of the spinal column where there is no spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the nerve cell body for dorsal roots and what types of neurons are they? |
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Definition
| outside the spinal cord. pseudounipolar |
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Term
| where is the cell body for ventral roots and what kind of neuron are they? |
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Definition
| in gray matter. multiunipolar |
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Term
| True/false: special senses are mediated through the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of spinal tracts? |
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Definition
spino- sensory
cortio- motor |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing of tracts from one side of the cord to the other |
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Term
| How many orders of neurons are in ascending tracts and where do they go? |
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Definition
1st order- dorsal root ganglia to gray matter
2nd order- gray matter to thalymus
3rd order- thalymus to cerebral cortex |
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Term
| How many orders of neurons are in descending tracts and where do they go? |
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Definition
1st order (upper motor)- cerebral cortex to spinal cord
2nd order (lower order)- spinal cord to ventral root ganglia. |
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Term
| Name the types of Somatic sensory tracts |
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Definition
Posterior sensory tracts
Anteriolateral tracts
spinocerebellar pathways |
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Term
| Name the types of Motor Pathways/ tracts |
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Definition
direct/pyramidal pathways
indirect/extrapyramidal tracts |
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Term
| What are the posterior column pathways and what do they do? |
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Definition
fascicus gracilis tract- infor from chect up
fascicus cuneatus- info from below nipples
Both are directed to post central gyrus. Responsible for fine touch |
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Term
| What are the Anteriolateral pathways and what do they do? |
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Definition
-anterior spinotholamic tract- touch and pressure
- lateral spinothalemic tract- pain and temp
Both are poorly localized sensations |
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Term
| What do the spinocerebellar pathways do? |
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Definition
start in spine. end in cerebellum * no integrator in between.
determine appropriate movement by telling brain what joints are doing |
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Term
| What are the direct/pyramidal pathways and what do they contraol? |
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Definition
-corticobulbar tracts- voluntary skeletal muscle of head and neck
-corticospinal tracts- voluntary muscle of rest of body |
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Term
| what do the indirect/extrapyramidal tracts do? |
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Definition
| direct skeletal muscle of non conscious movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches of spinal nerves. mixed sensory and motor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where do ventral rami go? |
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Definition
| skin & muscle of front and limbs |
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Term
| What are the various peripheral nerve plexuses and where do they go? |
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Definition
cervical plexus- C1-C5- head neck and shoulders.
brachial plexus- C5-T1- upper extremities
lumbar plexus- L1-L4- abdominal wall, genitals, & thigh
sacral plexus- L4-5& S1-4- but, perineum, and lower limbs |
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Term
| What are the specific nerves in the plexuses we have to know and where are they located? |
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Definition
phrenic nerve- keeps diaphragm alive (C3-5)
sciatic nerve- supplies post thigh & below knee. L4-S3 |
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Term
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Definition
| appearance of occluding junctions under light microscope |
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Term
| what is the difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes? |
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Definition
mucous membranes are in areas exposed the environment
serous membranes are not exposed to the environment |
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Term
| what is transitional epithelium? |
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Definition
| stratified cuboidal epithelium. associated with structures that undergo volume change. |
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Term
| where are pseudostratified epithelia found? |
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Definition
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Term
What do the following collagen types do in connective tissue?
type I, IV and III |
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Definition
type I- holds things together
type III- reticular fibers, form internal framework of matrix
type IV- makes up basal lamina |
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Term
| How are spinal nerves names? |
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Definition
| after the vertebra above which they exit except for C8 which exits below vertebra 7 |
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