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| The Study of humankind from a biological and cultural perspective |
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-studies and interprets material remains
- primary information from artifacts and material culture |
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| The study of "human biology" within the framework of evolution and the interaction between biology and culture |
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- subfield of physical anthropology
- study of human evolution as evidenced by fossil record |
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| Study of non human primates |
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- subdivision of osteology
- study of disease and in human skeletal remains |
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| applying anthropology to legal matters, often to identify skeletal remains |
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- classification of plants and animals
- systema naturae |
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| Inheritance of aquired characteristics |
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| Principles of Geology, Uniformitarianism |
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-Natural Selection
- "Selection" key to evolution
- "individuals" with favorable variation survive and reproduce |
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| Peppered Moths in England |
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| The study of how traits transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| Contains two nucleic acids w/ genetic information |
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- Double stranded molecule
- two chains of nucleotides |
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| Basic units of DNA molecule |
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- Genetic segment of DNA
- Sequence of DNA bases
- Specifies order of amino acids in protein |
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| Stranded structure composed of DNA |
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| Field of Genetics had revolutionized this kind of Science |
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
- Now use small samples
- Make copies of a DNA segment |
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| Recombinant DNA Technology |
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-transfers genes from cells
- from one species into another species |
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| sequence the entire genome |
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| Dominance and Recessiveness |
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| Mendel recognized that traits not expressed are still present |
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trait seems lost (naked)
aka gina's hair |
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expressed trait
aka Kyra's hair |
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| location of gene on chromosome |
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| variation of alternate forms of genes at same locus |
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two copies of same allele
-ex: TT or tt (all tall or all short) |
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two different alleles at locus
-ex: Tt (tall and short) |
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| observed caharacteristics |
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-Polygenic: continuous traits
-influenced by alleles at two or more loci |
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| Mitochondrial Inheritance |
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-Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
-Inherited only from mother
-mutation rates used for constructing relationships |
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| Modern Evolutionary Theory |
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| In past rival viewpoints either emphasized mutation or natural selection as prime mover of evoutionary change |
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-Mid 20th century
-mutation and natural selection both required |
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| -a change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next |
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| the short term effects of evolution |
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| the long term effects of evolution (species) |
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| What is directional and acts on variation? |
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-best documented example of natural selection in humans
-common
-geographically correlated with malaria |
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| traditional explaination of evolutionary characteristics regarding adaptation to tree living and prehensile hand adapted to climbing |
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| Visual predation hypothesis |
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| alternative explaination to arboreal regarding adaptation to shrubbery forest undergrowth and forward facing eyes for grabbing insects |
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| Categories illustrate evolutionary relationships traditionally based on physical similarities |
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| Revised Classification of Hominoids |
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-because of genetic similarities and relative recent divergence from common
-some primatologists suggest grouping all great apes and humans in same family |
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| 2 major divisions of hominoids |
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-prosimians (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers)
-anthropoids |
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| Who are the most primitive of primates? |
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| Prosimians (lemurs, lorises, etc) |
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mostly aboreal
some live on the ground |
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