Term
| What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research? |
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Definition
Quantitative research deals with numbers and hard measurements.
Qualitative research deals with feelings and more subjective data (for instance, interview responses)
There is also Mixed Methods research, which combines the two |
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Term
| Name the six types of research methods |
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Definition
(1) Case Study - study just one person
(2) Survey - study lots of people using standard questions
(3) Interview - face to face interaction with lots of people
(4) Observation - go in and observe/tape some behavior
(5) Correlation - take two variables gleaned from other research and measure the relationship between them
(6) Experimental - Setting up situations in order to obtain certain results |
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Term
| What are the independent and dependent variables? |
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Definition
The independent variable in an experiment is the variable you introduce or manipulate (i.e. experimental groups)
The dependent variable in an experiment is the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable (i.e. control groups) |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of the case study research method? |
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Definition
| It provides a very in-depth analysis of one person, but the data may not speak for everybody |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of survey and interview research methods? |
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Definition
| It gathers information from a large pool of people, but the results can be very subjective. Subjects may not tell the truth, different people may interpret questions in different ways, and there is the risk that your research sample is too selective (and thus doesn't represent everybody) |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of the observation research method? |
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Definition
| You can actually see/record the data firsthand, but observation can be biased or misinterpreted |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of the correlation research method? |
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Definition
| It provides lots of information, but it is easy to make the mistake that correlation means causation. |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of the experimental research method? |
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Definition
| It allows you to determine cause and effect, but you could easily end up making the environment too artificial to reflect reality |
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Term
| Why is it so difficult to talk about sex? |
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Definition
| The way we're raised to think about sexuality has a lot to do with it (i.e. associating masturbation with rejection). It's also embarrassing to imagine others in sexual situations, because in a way, it's like imagining yourself in that sexual situation, and it makes us uncomfortable to imagine ourselves in sexual situations with those we aren't supposed to have sex with. Taps into our monogamous instincts |
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Term
| What's a common situation when it comes to a romantic couple's views about sex or affection, and how do you navigate that situation? |
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Definition
| Often, the two people have been raised with different attitudes towards sex and affection, or of what a good relationship should look like. Be prepared and communicate these attitudes to your partner |
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Term
| What makes for a good theory? |
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Definition
| It should organize and summarize complex ideas, it should predict certain behaviors or results, and it should be testable |
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Term
| According to Alfred Kinsey, what are the only three sexual abnormalities? |
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Definition
(1) Abstinence
(2) Celibacy
(3) Delayed marriage |
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Term
| What are the four major theories of sexuality we mentioned in class? |
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Definition
(1) Psychoanalytic
(2) Learning
(3) Biological
(4) Sociocultural |
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Term
| What are the three elements of our psychology? |
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Definition
(1) Id - the primal, instinctive part (pleasure without consequence)
(2) Ego - the conscience, the moral, rational part that retains the things we've learned
(3) Superego - the critical part, that prizes responsibility over pleasure (usually retaining the criticisms we've received from society, family, and friends) |
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Term
| What are the five stages of psychosexual development in Freud's psychoanalytic theory of sexuality? |
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Definition
(1) Oral Stage
(2) Anal Stage
(3) Phallic Stage (Oedipus/Electra Complex)
(4) Latency Stage
(5) Genital Stage
Fail any of these stages, and you will have problems later in life |
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Term
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Definition
The first stage of psychosexual development.
The infant explores the world with its mouth and gets used to using the mouth. Breastfeeding, chewing, and sucking behaviors occur |
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Term
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Definition
The second stage of psychosexual development.
The toddler becomes familiar with its waste processes, undergoing toilet training |
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Term
| What is the Phallic Stage? |
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Definition
The third stage of psychosexual development.
A young child becomes familiar with its body, exploring it and often masturbating.
The Oedipus (for boys) or Electra (for girls) complex occurs, in which a boy (or girl) unconsciously feels in competition with his father (or her mother) for possession of his mother (or her father).
There is also a fear of castration, often arising from the intimidation of the same-gender parent, that later becomes identification with the same-gender parent, ultimately deciding to be like his dad (or her mom) and find another suitable mate like mom (or dad). |
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Term
| What is the Latency Stage? |
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Definition
The fourth stage of psychosexual development.
An older child or preteen learns about sex and starts having conversations about body parts |
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Term
| What is the Genital Stage? |
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Definition
The fifth and final stage of psychosexual development.
Once hitting puberty, the individual enters sexual maturity and begins having sexual intercourse |
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Term
| What are criticisms of Freud? |
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Definition
*Freud's theories are chauvinistic, or male-oriented
*Freud misunderstood the female orgasm (viewing vaginal orgasm as "the real thing" and clitoral orgasm as incomplete)
*His theories put young girls/women at risk of sexual abuse (i.e. mom's boyfriend molesting the daughter could be discounted as a fulfillment of the daughter's own Electra complex) |
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Term
| What are the three Learning Theories for behavior? |
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Definition
(1) Classical Conditioning (Pavlov - making associations between certain stimuli)
(2) Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner - learning through reinforcement and reward)
(3) Cognitive Schemas (the ways we organize our thoughts, the things we tell ourselves or believe or have been taught) |
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Term
| How, generally speaking, do biological theories explain sexuality? |
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Definition
| It explains sexual behavior by our biology, especially our evolutionary drives (i.e. procreation is integral to the survival of the species, therefore sex has evolved to be pleasurable) |
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Term
| How, generally speaking, do sociocultural theories explain sexuality? |
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Definition
| Culture defines the norms for sexual behavior, and explains sexuality in the context of conflict with and power of society |
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Term
| What elements are missing from the major theories of sexuality? |
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Definition
| Emotion, religion, and spirituality |
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Term
| What is the distinction between religion and spirituality? |
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Definition
Religion has to do with specific rules, rituals, dogma, and practices of a particular religious group (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hindu).
Spirituality has to do with a broader pursuit of the sacred or the beyond. You don't have to be a member of a religious group to be spiritual. |
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Term
| For what parts of life is sexuality present? |
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Definition
Sexuality is present in a person's entire life, from birth to death.
Sex is not limited to one point of life, because we are sexual beings. |
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Term
| What is Freud's definition of sex? |
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Definition
| The ability to give and receive physical pleasure. Sex is not limited to sexual intercourse. |
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Term
| What are the eight stages of Erik Erikson's psychosocial approach to development? |
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Definition
(1) Trust vs. Mistrust
(2) Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
(3) Initiative vs. Guilt
(4) Industry vs. Inferiority
(5) Identity vs. Role Confusion
(6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
(7) Generativity vs. Stagnation
(8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
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Term
| What is the Trust vs. Mistrust stage? |
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Definition
The first stage of psychosocial development.
The infant develops a sense of trust with their family. This establishes the sense of trust used later for trust with a sexual partner. |
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Term
| What is the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage? |
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Definition
The second stage of psychosocial development.
The toddler (2/3) realizes they have control over their own body (their body becomes their own). This often manifests in the process of toilet training.
Rejection for this autonomy (say, a toilet accident) can result in a feeling of shame (not just guilt) |
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Term
| What is the distinction between guilt and shame? |
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Definition
| Guilt is I DID something wrong. Shame is I AM wrong. |
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Term
| What is the Initiative vs Guilt stage? |
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Definition
The third stage of psychosocial development.
The young child (3-5) starts wanting to do things themselves. If a child is denied this autonomy (others do things for them), they will feel guilty.
This is often the stage where the child discovers masturbating, and experiences guilt when authority figures reject this behavior. |
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Term
| What is the Industry vs Inferiority stage? |
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Definition
The fourth stage of psychosocial development.
The young preteen/teenager enters puberty for the first time. This results in lots of feelings of embarrassment and inferiority, especially when comparing their bodies to others (gym locker rooms). |
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Term
| What is the Identity vs Role Confusion stage? |
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Definition
The fifth stage of psychosocial development.
The teenager or young adult figures out who they are sexually, or else becomes confused about their sexual identity (especially if it is a widely discouraged identity, such as homosexuality) |
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Term
| What is the Intimacy vs Isolation stage? |
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Definition
The sixth stage of psychosocial development.
The young adult (20s/30s) starts thinking about commitment to and intimacy with another. If this desire is unfulfilled, it generally results in feelings of loneliness.
Often people don't seem lonely, but actually just use people instead of loving them and still feel intensely lonely in their personal lives. |
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Term
| What is the Generativity vs Stagnation stage? |
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Definition
The seventh stage of psychosocial development.
The middle-aged adult becomes concerned for future generations, wanting to invest in them and maybe have children. In the absence of this, they will experience mid-life crisis and wonder: is this how I really want to spend my life? |
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Term
| What is the Ego Integrity vs Despair stage? |
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Definition
The eighth and final stage of psychosocial development.
The elderly adult looks back and feels they've led a good life. Otherwise, they will look back with bitterness and regret. |
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Term
| How does sexuality manifest itself in infancy and childhood? |
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Definition
*The primary sexual characteristics are defined (physical gender), and society treats the child as either a boy or a girl.
*The rooting reflex develops, a sucking reflex that manifests in breastfeeding, thumb-sucking, and other oral exploration.
*The child discovers sexual stimulation, often resulting in early masturbation. The way parents respond to this has a profound impact on the child's development.
At this stage, the child should be taught what are appropriate and inappropriate touches from others (Dr. Turner likes using real body part names instead of nicknames). |
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Term
| How does sexuality manifest itself in adolescence? |
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Definition
*Puberty happens. Secondary characteristics develop, such as breasts or ejaculation. Menarche (periods) and spermarche (sperm development) begin
*The adolescent begins to figure out their sexual identity, who they're attracted to, and establish sexual behaviors
*Feelings of awkwardness, fear, and inferiority (how do I talk to girls/guys?) |
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Term
| How does sexuality manifest itself in young adulthood? |
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Definition
*A continued exploration of one's sexuality, thinking in the context of commitment/marriage.
*Fertility and pregnancy
*For many, family becomes a focus |
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Term
| How does sexuality manifest itself in middle age? |
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Definition
*Sexual satisfaction still fully possible
*Midlife hormonal changes (reduction in estrogen/testosterone)
*Changes in fertility (menopause/climacteric)
*Medications influence sexual response |
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