Term
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Definition
sperm- contains the embryo in miniature
semen- men's milk, causes "ensoulment" |
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Term
| female role in conception |
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Definition
blood- nourishes zygote
uterus- contains dormant embryo |
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Term
| coitus role in conception |
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Definition
awakens embryo
nourishes the embryo via repeated copulation and ejaculation
irrelevant for conception
dangerous for the embryo |
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Term
| male ownership of offspring |
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Definition
biological mother = lowest claim
pregnancy or postpartum rituals (couvade)
marriage to the mother
kinship mandates
property rights |
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Term
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Definition
pregnant woman is sequestered around time of birth
duration, location, attendants are specified
rules governing paternity rights influence treatment of pregnant woman |
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Term
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Definition
ritual male pregnancy, deliver
lessening mother's suffering
earning claim to paternity
transferring suffering to man |
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Term
| post-partum confinement sexual taboos |
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Definition
for some period after childbirth mother is sequestered
to ensure health of infant and mother
avoidance of sex with men, or most people
mother's full attention to infant
sex taboo for weeks or years after giving birth |
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Term
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Definition
breast feeding
mother, wet nurse
duration, purpose- ensure health of baby, space pregnancies |
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Term
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Definition
| delay return of ovulation and menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| optimizing general health of mother |
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Definition
have prepregnancy screen for STIs, pap tests, or other disease conditions that may effect the fetus
get vaccinations |
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Term
| optimizing the health of ova and sperm |
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Definition
| avoid exposure of both mother or father to toxic compounds, radiation, alcohol, drugs, steroids, gasoline fumes, hot tubbing, STIs |
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Term
| optimizing health of embryo |
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Definition
discontinue use of all substances injurious to the embryo: alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, aspirin, vitamins, hot tubbing, antibiotics, steroids, fumes
days 20-56 LMP are crucial for development of brain function
assume pregnancy is underway until 2 negative pregnancy tests |
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Term
| optimizing health of baby |
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Definition
| prenantal care, parenting classes |
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Term
| optimizing the sexual experience |
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Definition
| engaging in sex specifically to have a baby is a rare, special event |
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Term
| methods to increase the likelihood of conception |
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Definition
estimate ovulation, use LH testing kits
coital ejaculation once per each 24 hours during the 48 hour period before and after ovulation
during sex, woman on back, hips elevated for 20 minutes after ejaculation
avoid using lubricants or douches |
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Term
| presumptive signs of pregnancy |
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Definition
unusually long cycle, missed period
nausea, fatigue
spotting(little blood)
breast tenderness
frequent urination
mild uterine cramping
many symptoms mimic premenstrual syndrome |
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Term
| probable signs of pregnancy |
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Definition
ultrasound visualization of embryo, fetus
fetal heart tones
fetal movement |
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Term
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Definition
false pregnancy
female believes she is pregnant
shows presumptive signs of pregnancy
in extreme cases- labor contractions |
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Term
| methods to test for pregnancy |
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Definition
test for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) - hormone secreted as conceptus implants
ultrasound visualization of conceptus |
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Term
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Definition
dipstick placed in urine stream
sensitive to detect HCG as early as 6-8 days post fertalization
25%-30% false negatives
higher accuracy if 6-8 days post implantation |
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Term
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Definition
rosette inhibition assay detects early pregnancy factor (EPF) as early as 48 hours post-fertilization
testing is expensive
false negatives if too soon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fertilization of ovum in oviducts creates zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| a single cell which divides repeatedly to create the blastocyst |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of blastocyst into uterus |
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Term
| day 21-25 of cycle (week 4 LMP) |
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Definition
| implantation of blastocyst into endometrium |
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Term
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Definition
development of chorionic villi, production of HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
trophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged production of P and E from the corpus luteum of the ovary to stablize pregnancy for 8 weeks PF |
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Term
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Definition
develeps from chrionic villi 10-12 LMP,
begins production of P and E |
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Term
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Definition
80% of all conceptions are spontaneously aborted
90% occur prior to week 13 PF
week 1-6 = genetic errors
week 10-13 = hormone problems |
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Term
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Definition
66% of women experience morning sickness
symptoms are correlated with HCG and prolactin levels
23% of males partners experience morning sickness
correlated with elevated prolactin levels |
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Term
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Definition
| chorionic villi sampling for genetic errors in high risk embryos |
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Term
| Emotional Response of the couple |
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Definition
ambivalence about coming life changes
emotionally mixed period
fear of miscarriage
concerns about being a parent
females experience pregnancy as part of self
males experience pregnancy as an abstract concept |
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Term
| sexual experiences during pregnancy |
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Definition
nausea and fatigue interfere with libido
feeling of joy, love and closeness stimulate sexual desire
if relationship is threatened, sexual desire is inhibited |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| P and E from placenta begins to stabilize the pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
morning sickness usually disappears
correlated with decline in HCG |
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Term
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Definition
| to determine genetic errors |
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Term
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Definition
amniocentesis
week 18-20 get results
1% increase risk of miscarriage |
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Term
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Definition
mother feels fetal movements
week 16-20 |
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Term
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Definition
colostrum production begins in breast, but is usually not secreted
vascular changes result in nosebleeds, and edema |
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Term
| emotional response of couple |
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Definition
emotional and physcial weel being better relative to other phases of pregnancy and postpartum period
morning sickness subsides
joy about the growing fetus
after quickening the female feels like "mother"
male lags behind |
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Term
| sex experience for couple |
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Definition
changing shape of female body
fear of injury to fetus
change in breast and vaginal secretions
increased libido |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
significant weight gain expected
25-35 pounds total for normal weight females
most weight gain occurs during third trimester |
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Term
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Definition
| dramatic enlargement of the uterus causes pressure on organs |
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Term
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Definition
| swelling of hands, feel, legs, face |
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Term
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Definition
head of fetus turns down
risk of pregancy induced hypertension, seizure, coma |
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Term
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Definition
| when fetus head turns down, fetus carried lowed in pelivis reduces pressure above, increases pressure below |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Emotional response of couple |
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Definition
impatience for pregnancy to be over
fearful for health of fetus
anxiety about parenting
increase possessiveness of partner |
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Term
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Definition
much fatigue
awareness of third person
concerns of injury to fetus
most couples stop around 9th month
decreased libido |
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Term
| reasons to stop coitus during pregnancy |
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Definition
pain for female
discharge of mucus
appearance of blood
leakage of amniotic fluid
early onset of labor contractions( NOT BRAXON-HICKS) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leakage of amniotic fluid |
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Term
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Definition
40 weeks LMP, 2 weeks prior or after due date
only 4% of deliveries occur on the actual date
neonate survival- almost 100% |
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Term
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Definition
delivery prior to 37 weeks of gestation
infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds
12% of all births are preterm- 10% of singletons, 50% of twins, and 90% of multiples are pre-term births
75% of neonatal deaths are pre-term deliveries |
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Term
| predisopsing factors of pre-term birth |
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Definition
| teen pregnancy, malnutrition, smoking, physical labor, injuries, urinary infection, hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
requires completion of gestation in NICU
at 2.5 lbs 80% survive, at 1.0lbs 25% survive
much higher rates of developmental impairments |
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Term
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Definition
2 weeks after due date, delivary induce using pitocin and prostaglandins
10% of all delivers are post-term
fetus become too large for birth canal requires C-section
placenta may not provide nutrition
infants are 3 times more likely to die |
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Term
| signs of imminent vaginal delivery |
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Definition
discharge of mucus plug
bloody show
breaking waters |
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Term
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Definition
sure of hormones
uterus stimulates OXYTOCIN
sexual stimulation speeds up labor |
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Term
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Definition
contractions cause softening and dilation of cervix 10 centimeters
12-15 hours in first pregnancy, 8 hours in later pregnancies |
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Term
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Definition
expulsion of the fetus
few minutes to hours
bearing down- controlled pushing |
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Term
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Definition
expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth)
about 30-60 minutes
risk of bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
gravity, anesthesia, health of mother
semi-prone, birthing chair, kneeling, squatting, water bath |
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Term
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Definition
incision in the perneum enlarges the vagina introitus
purpose to prevent uncontrolled tears
higher use in U.S. than europe
little evidence of benefit
recent decline form 70% to 19% of deliveries |
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Term
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Definition
31% U.S. 8% Europe
preserve life/health of mother or infant
major abdominal surgery requiring anesthesia
lower Apgar score for infant
longer healing time for mother |
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Term
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Definition
pelvic-cranial incompatibility
breech position- fetus will not maintain head down position
inadequate cervical dilation
fetal distress
placenta previa- placenta is located low in uterus, blocking the cervix |
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Term
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Definition
PTSD
not able to have the planned birth experience
feeling out of control
feelings of being a failure
feeling of being failed by others
emotional shock |
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Term
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Definition
hormonal changes support lactation
low P and E cause release of prolactin from the pituitary
stimulation of nipple releases oxytocin
inhibits FSH and P
lack of nursing stops producing milk but may be painful for 3 days until milk is released |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates milk production |
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Term
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Definition
suckling helps shrink the uterus
reduces mother's risk for ovarian and breast cancer
NO CYCLE
helps burn fat
pleasurable |
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Term
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Definition
first fluid secreted from the breast
contains antibodies, which help infant fight disease |
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Term
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Definition
80% of females experience baby blues
62% of males experience depression
fatigue
pain
supresses libido |
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Term
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Definition
pregnancy/parenting is a major stressor
couples experience dramatic decline in marital satisfaction
disrupts couples sex life |
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Term
|
Definition
| usually takes 5 months of sex |
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