Term
| How many potassium and sodium ions can the sodium/potassium pump move at once? |
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Definition
| 3 sodium ions, 2 potassium |
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Term
| what is the equilibrium potential for K+? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equilibrium potential for sodium ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most sensory neurons of the PNS are _____ (anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, multipolar) |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ neurons are the most common neurons in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| The dorsal roots contain axons of _____ neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| The ventral roots contain the axons of _____ neurons |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the ____ matter surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and contains what? |
|
Definition
| gray; sensory and motor nuclei |
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Term
| in the gray matter, sensory nuclei are ____ (dorsal/ventral) while motor nuclei are ____ (dorsal/ventral) |
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Definition
| sensory nuclei are dorsal, motor nuclei are ventral |
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Term
| ____ (white/gray) matter is the region of integration and command initiation |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ (white/gray) matter carries information from place to place |
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Definition
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Term
| Individual axons are bundled into ____, many of which bundle together to form ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______ tract starts in the spinal cord and carries information to the thalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____ tract carries information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three somatic sensory pathways? |
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Definition
| the posterior column pathway, the spinothalamic pathway, and the spinocerebellar pathway |
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Term
| What are the two spinal tracts involved in the posterior column pathway? |
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Definition
| fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus |
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Term
| The fasciculus gracilis containsi axons that carry sensations from the ____ half of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| The fasciculus cuneatus carries sensations from the _____ half of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which somatic sensory pathway is responsible for detecting highly localized (fine) touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which somatic sensory pathway relays sensations of poorly localized (crude) touch, pressure, pain, and temperature? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two tracts of the spinothalamic pathway? |
|
Definition
| anterior spinothalamic tracts and lateral spinothalamic tracts |
|
|
Term
| Which tracts carry crude touch and pressure sensations? |
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Definition
| anterior spinothalamic tracts |
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|
Term
| which tracts carry pain and temperature sensations? |
|
Definition
| lateral spinothalamic tracts |
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Term
| Where does information relayed by the spinocerebellar pathway end up? |
|
Definition
| Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
| What are the two tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway? |
|
Definition
| posterior spinocerebellar tracts and anterior spinocerebellar tracts |
|
|
Term
| What are the three motor pathways? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal pathway, medial pathway, lateral pathway |
|
|
Term
| which pathway provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal pathway, or pyramidal system |
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Term
| What are the three pairs of descending tracts in the corticospinal pathway? |
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Definition
| corticobulbar tracts, lateral corticospinal tracts, and anterior corticospinal tracts |
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Term
| What are the three primary brain vesicles, from superior to inferior? |
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Definition
| prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon |
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Term
| The prosencephalon further develops into what 2 secondary brain vesicles (from superior to inferior)? |
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Definition
| telencephalon, diencephalon |
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Term
| The rhombencephalon further develops into what 2 secondary brain vesicles (from superior to inferior)? |
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Definition
| metencephalon, myelencephalon |
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Term
| Which secondary brain vesicle develops into the cerebrum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which secondary brain vesicle develops into the cerebellum and pons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which secondary brain vesicle develops into the medulla oblongata? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of the slender canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles? |
|
Definition
| aqueduct of midbrain (or mesencephalic aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius, or cerebral aqueduct) |
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Term
| what are the outer and inner layers of the cranial dura mater called? |
|
Definition
| endosteal and meningeal, respectively |
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|
Term
| what are the three largest dural folds and where are they located? |
|
Definition
| falx cerebri that projects between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure; tentorium cerebelli that separates cerebellar hemispheres from those of cerebrum; falx cerebelli that divides the two cerebellar hemispheres inferior to tentorium cerebelli |
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Term
| How and where does the CSF reach the subarachnoid space? |
|
Definition
| through two lateral apertures and one median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle |
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|
Term
| CSF is absorbed into the venous circulation at the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN I (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| olfactory; olfactory foramina of ethmoid; olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| CN II (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| optic/ocular; optic canal; retina |
|
|
Term
| CN III (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| oculomotor; superior orbital fissure; intrinsic (smooth) eye muscles and all extrinsic except LR and SO |
|
|
Term
| CN IV (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| Trochlear; superior orbital fissure; superior oblique |
|
|
Term
| CN V (name, 3 branches and their foramina) |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal; 1)opthalmic branch- superior orbital fissure; 2)maxillary branch- foramen rotundum; 3)mandibular branch; foramen ovale. |
|
|
Term
| CN VI (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| Abducens; superior orbital fissure; lateral rectus |
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|
Term
| CN VII (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| Facial; leaves cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus in sphenoid bone and exits through stylomastoid foramen; senses anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor to muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands |
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|
Term
| CN VIII (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| Vestibulocochlear, auditory, or acoustic; internal acoustic meatus; cochlea and vestibule |
|
|
Term
| CN IX (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| Glossopharyngeal;jugular foramen;motor to muscles of swallowing and pharynx, sensory from posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid bodies (chemoreceptors and baroreceptors for blood pressure, pH, CO2 and O2 concentration) |
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|
Term
| CN X (name, foramen, and innervation) |
|
Definition
| Vagus; jugular foramen; pharynx and visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
|
|
Term
| CN XI (name, foramen, innervation) |
|
Definition
| spinal accessory; jugular foramen; skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
|
|
Term
| CN XII (name, foramen, innervation) |
|
Definition
| Hypoglossal; hypoglossal canal; tongue musculature |
|
|
Term
| what structure physically connects the pituitary gland to the inferior portion of the brain? |
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Definition
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