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Human Reproduction
midterm 2
53
Biology
Undergraduate 4
03/11/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Masters and Johnson
Definition

different techniques used in the lab setting

observed, measured, asked questions and got answered

Term
Penile strain gauge
Definition

-noose that goes around penis which has mercury, widening of noose extends noose and can be recorded

-clamps around the penis which measures rigidness and thickness

Term
Vaginal photoplethysmograph
Definition
-emits light and reabsorbs light reflected from vaginal walls, as vagina gets engorged with blood, there is an increased absorption in light emitted from device due to increased blood flow
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
calm, relaxed
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
fight or flight response
Term
sexual response and parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
initial sexual response needs parasympathetic system to be dominant
Term
sexual response and sympathetic system
Definition
causes you to be flaccid, block arousal processes
Term
master and johnson model
Definition
shows three different phases of sexual response which includes excitement plateau and orgasm and refractory phase for men
Term
helen singer kaplan
Definition
adds the sexual phase desire before excitement phase
Term
david reed
Definition
90s coupled excitement with seduction has a voluntary thing you need as a part of getting brain involved in excitement process
Term
sexual response cycle
Definition

sexual stimulation --> parasympathetic nerve impulses from sacral portion of the cord --> sexual stimulation intesifies-->vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate--> orgasm - rhythmic contraction of muscles of the perineum; muscular walls of uterus and uterine tubes contract

 

sexual stimulation --> parasympathetic nerve impulses --> tissues dilate; vagina expands/elongates --> swollen/engorged vagina increases friction from movement of penis

Term
afrodesiacs
Definition

inflammation of urethra/bladder

 

increases sensations genital area, and increase levels of pleasure

Term

(female)excitement stage

labia minora

Definition

labia minora swells

grandular cells lining labia minora secrete fluid

 

Term

(female)excitement stage

clitoris

Definition

engorgement

 

prepuce will appear more visible

 

above tissue can feel ridge

Term

(female) plateau stage

 

Definition

clitoris retracts

cervice extends further down vagina

uterus moves - sits upward

vagina bulges out and forms the orgasmic platform - grasps penis tighter

 

Term
female ejaculation
Definition

small amount of fluid can be ejected through the urethra

 

buldging out of vagina can be filled with secretory fluid and semen which can accumulate and be expelled

 

 

Term
female orgasm
Definition
contraction of uterus vagina perinium anus
Term
singer and singer on orgasm
Definition

3 different types of orgasms

uterine vaginal g spot basically just different types of stimulation

Term
female resolution phase
Definition
uterus drops back to size and everything returns to pre-orgasmic states.
Term
female nipples excitement phase
Definition

breast size increase

nipple becomes erect

veins become more visible

Term
nipples plateau and orgasm phase
Definition

nipples become less erect

"sex flush" can occur

breast increases still more in size

Term
resolution phase nipples female
Definition

sex flush disappears rapidly

breast size returns to normal size

Term
male excitement phase
Definition

vasocongeestion results in erection

meatus (tip of penis) dilates

testes begin elevation

Term
male plateau phase
Definition

cowper's gland may release fluid (bulbourethral)

testes have fully risen

Term
male orgasm phase
Definition
emission - rhythmic compressions of vas deferens and seminal vesicles results in collection of sperm and semen into urethra and ejaculated through rhythmic contractions of urethra.
Term
4 stages of sexual response cycle
Definition

excitement

plateau

orgasm

resolution

Term
basic sperm structure
Definition

head - acrosome cap, head

midpiece -neck (centriole)

tail - flagellum

Term
sperm head function
Definition
contains the nucleus 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
Term
acrosome cap
Definition
contains enzymes that help penetrate ovum
Term
neck sperm
Definition
contains centriole which is used to form the spindle in the zygote
Term
midpiece
Definition

contains mitochondria which uses lots of ATP

generates energy for tail movement

Term
flagellum
Definition
allows sperm to swim up the reproductive tract
Term
spermatogenesis
Definition
conversion of connected spermatids into mature sperm. see slide
Term
cytoplasmic bridges
Definition
the bridges that connect spermatids
Term
oogenesis
Definition

1 embryo consists of PGC's which are multiplying in ovaries

 

2 the rest stay in meiosis I in ovary

once you hit puberty, you get maturation of primary oocytes. the oocyte has an egg coat and cortical granules

 

3 ovulation you get secondary oocyte

    cells are haploid but chromosomes are replicated

    so must have fertilization for meiosis II --> polar

    body is formed

 

 

Term
Perivitelline Space
Definition

polar body cast off into area where sperm enter which then bind to ovum membrane

Term
Zona Pellucida
Definition
A matrix of 3 glyco proteins ZP1, ZP2 ZP3
Term
Cumulus Oophorus aka Corona Radiata
Definition

Part of ovum/ secondary oocyte

which cinsists of 2-3 layers of follicular cells

purpose - to provide protection and vital proteins to the cell

Term
post ejaculated sperm route
Definition
Vagina -> Cervix -> Uterus -> oviduct -> ampullary-isthmic
Term
2 ways of sperm movement
Definition

thermotaxis - sperm are attracted towards heat

chemo taxis - movement towards a chemical signal

Term
Sperm Presence
Definition
causes an invasion of white blood cells into the uterine lumen, these cells engulf dead/dying sperm
Term
Sperm Capacitation
Definition

When initially in the female reproductive tract, sperm cannot fertilize eggs.

Modification of glycoproteins and hyperactivation of sperm tail

Term
fallopian tubes (cilia) function
Definition

cilia in the ovidcut have 2 ways of movement

cilia at ridges beat towards the uterus

cilia in groves beat twoards the ovary

(sperm tend to swim in the grooves)

Term
hyaluronidase
Definition
enzyme on the sperm head that breaksdown
Term
hyaluronic acid
Definition
found in connective tissue and acts like glue to hold cells together
Term
acrosome reaction is trigged by
Definition
ZP3 binds a receptor on the sperms plasma membrane
Term
acrosomal reaction
Definition

Sugars on ZP3 are bound by GaIT on the surface of sperm

 

ZP3 on egg surface induces aggregation of GaIT on the surface of the sperm head

 

A G Protein cascade is triggerred and exocytosis of the acrosome ensues

Term
Fertilin - B , CD-9,  Izumo
Definition
proteins on inner acrosomal membrane recognize one of these molecules.
Term
morula
Definition
homogenous ball of cells taht differentiates into the blastocyst
Term
trophoblast
Definition
outer layer
Term
inner cell mass
Definition
has embryonic stem cells that give rise to embryo
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