gasses

lipophilic substances (semipermeable)

water (semipermeable)

ions (Na+, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-)

small charged or hydrophilic molecules (AAs, nucleotides, sugars, NTs)

proteins 

DNA

net diffusion of water across the membrane. water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration

osmolarity

total # of solute molecules divided by # of water molecules

force required to prevent osmosis

the relative concentration of solutions that determine the direction and extent of diffusion

osmotic pressure of an ISOOSMOTIC solution is __ to the osmotic pressure of blood plasma

osmotic pressure of a HYPOOSMOTIC solution is ___ the osmotic pressure of blood plasma.

osmotic pressure of a HYPEROSMOTIC solution is ___ the osmotic pressure of blood plasma.

what are the characteristics of facilitated diffusion?

specificity

competition

saturation 

what are the 4 types of carrier-type transport processes

facilitated diffusion

cotransport

exchange

pumping

what does "secondary active transport" indicate

indicates that movement of one ion type through the membrane drive (or push) the movement of another ion type or a solute, often against it's gradient

what are the two types of secondary active transport?

co-transport by symporters

counter-transport antiporters

the basolateral side of a cell faces the...

blood

the apical side of a cell faces the...

lumen of the organ or duct involved

how can an isoosmotic solution cause a cell to be hypotonic?

isoosmotic solutions are only isotonic when the cell membrane is impermeable to the solute

For example, an isoosmotic glycerol solution is hypotonic. We have glycerol transporters that transport glycerol into the cell. Water follows, and the cell swells (hemolysis)

what are the 3 ways to transport something across the membrane?

1. membrane proteins-- ion channel

2. membrane protiens-- carrier type

3. actually move the membrane itself

what type of transporter is used in facilitated diffusion?

uniporters

hematocrit 

the ratio of packed RBCs to the total blood volume in a centrifuged sample. Expressed as a %

what is the healthy range for a hematocrit for women and men?

women: 36-46%

men: 41-53%

function of erythrocytes

red blood cells. carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

function of leukocytes

aid in defense against infection

name the categories & types of leukocytes

1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes

• neutrophil
• basophil
• eosinophil

2. monocytes

• macrophages

3. leukocyte

• B-cells
• T-cells 

what components are necessary for RBC formation in the bone marrow?

vitamin B12, folic acid & iron