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Definition
| study of how the body works to maintain life |
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Term
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Definition
how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury
"what when wrong?" |
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Definition
1) testable hypothesis
2) conduct and analyze experiments to test hypothesis
3) draw conclusions, do results support hypothesis
4) develop a theory |
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Definition
| a general statement explaining natural phenomena that is based on proven hypothesis |
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Definition
Look at the system as a whole
- disregard the elements
- "can't see the forest for the trees" |
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Definition
Father of Modern Physiology
- milieu interieur and milieu exterieur
- preserving constant the conditions of life in the internal enviornment |
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Definition
| Established HOMEOSTASIS as a unifying concept of human physiology |
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Definition
| condition of uniformity which results from the adjustments of living things to changes in their enviornment |
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| More definitions of Homeostasis |
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Definition
- state of equilibrium in internal
- relative constance of body fluids
- steady state (SYN)
- resistance to change
- status quo (SYN) |
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Term
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Definition
- Reference signal
- Desired value
- Activation threshold
- Point of balance |
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Term
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Definition
* SENSOR - detects deviation from st pt
* INTEGRATING CENTER - determines response
* EFFECTOR - produces response |
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Term
Regulatory Mechanisms:
* Intrinsic control
* Extrinsic control |
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Definition
* Intrinsic Control - built into organ being regulated
* Extrinsic Control - comes from outside of organ; by nervous or endocrine systems
- nervous control of body temp
- can overlap |
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Definition
| a condition or state in which, at any one instant, homeostatic defenses are still present but over a span of time there is a change in the regulated level |
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Rheostasis:
Programmed vs Reactive |
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Definition
* Programmed - changes occur at certain phases of the life cycle; puberty, pregnancy
* Reactive - changes occur in response to a stimulus that may or may not be encountered; fever, stress |
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Term
| Primary Tissues of the Body (4) |
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Definition
* Muscle
* Nervous
* Epithelial
* Connective |
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Definition
Specialized for contraction
3 types:
- skeletal: voluntary, linear
- cardiac: involuntary, sorta line
- smooth: involuntary, not linear |
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Definition
Consists of neurons and supporting/glial cells
- neurons are specialized for conducting electrical signals |
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Term
Nervous Tissue:
- cell body
- dentrites
- axon
- supporting/glial cells |
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Definition
*Cell body - contains nucleus, metabolic center
*Dendrites - branched extensions of cell body, recieve inputs
*Axon - single extensions of cedll body, conducts nerve impluses to others
*Sup/Glial Cells - provide physical and functional support of neurons; 5x more abundant than neurons |
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Term
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Definition
- Lines and covers body surfaces
- Consists of cells that form membranes and glands
- Regularly replaced |
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Epithelial Tissue:
Simple vs Stratified |
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Definition
*Simple - one cell thick, specialized for transport
~ capillaries, lung lining
*Stratified - multiple layers, specialized for protection
~ skin |
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Term
Epithelial Tissue:
Squamous
Columnar
Cubiodal |
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Definition
Squamous - flattened
Columnar - taller than wide
Cubiodal - cube-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
- derived from epithelial cells
- secrete onto epithelium via ducts
- can be simple tubes or clusters=(acini) |
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Term
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Definition
- derived from epithelial cells
- secrete hormones
~ into the blood |
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Term
Connective Tissue
Purpose? (6) |
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Definition
* Has lots of extracellular material deposited in space between its cells
- Binding
- Supporting
- Protecting
- Forming blood
- Storing fats (adipose)
- Filling space |
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Term
Types of Connective Tissue:
Connective Tissue Proper |
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Definition
Loose C.T. - consists of scattered fibrous proteins (colleagen) and tissue fluid
`dermis of skin; blood vessels/nerves
- dense fibrous c.t. is packed with fibers of collagen
~regularly arranged as in tendons or irregularly oriented as in capsules or sheaths |
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Term
Types of Connective Tissue:
Adipose |
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Definition
| specialized loose connective tissue for fat synthesis, breakdown, and storage |
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Term
Types of Connective Tissue:
Cartilage |
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Definition
-specialized for support and protection
-made of chondrocytes and elastic ECM
-serves as precursor for bone
-forms articular surfaces for joints |
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Term
Types of Connective Tissue:
Bone |
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Definition
- formed as concentric layers of calcified material
- contains 3 cell types:
* osteoblasts - boneforming cells
* osteocytes - trapped inactive osteoblasts
* osteoclasts - the bone resorbing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomical and functional units made of two or more primary tissues |
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Definition
| groups of organs working together to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
*intracellular - inside the cell
*extracellular - outside cells
-separated by cells outer membrane
there is communication and movement between inter and extra |
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