Releasing and inhibiting hormones

(TRH,CRH,GnRH,GHRH, somatostatin, PRH, dopamine)

gland: Hypothalamus

target: Anterior Pituitary

controls release of anterior pituitary hormons

Vasopressin

(antidiuretic hormone, ADH)

Gland: Posterior Pituitary

Target cells: Kidney tubules

increases water reabsorption

Target Cells: Arterioles

produces vasoconstriction

Gland: Posterior Pituitary

Target cells: Uterus

increases contractility

Target cells: mammary glands

cause milk ejection

Gland: Anterior Pituitary

Target: Thyroid Follicular cells

stimulates T3 and T4 secretion

Gland: Anterior Pituitary

Targets: Zona Fasciculata and zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

stimulates cortisol secretion

Gland: anterior pituitary

targets: bone; soft tissure

by means of IGF-I, indirectly stimulates protein anabolism and growth of bones and soft tissures. fat mobilization and glucose conservation

targets: liver

stimulates IGF-I secretion

Gland: anterior pituitary

targets: females ovarian follicles

promotes follicular growth and development; stimulates estrogen secretion

targets: males seminiferous tubules in testes

stimulates sperm production

Gland: anterior pituitary

targets: females ovarian follicle and corpus luteum

stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum development, and estrogen and progesterone secretion

targets: males interstitial cells of leydig in testes

stimulates testosterone secretion

Prolactin

Gland: anterior pituitary

targets: females mammary glands

promotes breast development; stimulates milk secretion

Gland: Pineal Gland

targets: brain; anterior pituitary; reproductive organs; immune system; possible others

entrains body's biological rhythm with external cues. inhibits gonadotropins; reduction likely initiates pubery; acts as antioxideant; enhances immunity

Tetraoidothyronine (T4)

tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Gland: thyroid gland follicular cells

targets: most cells

increases metabolic rate; essetial for normal growth and nerve development

Gland: Thyroid Gland C cells

targets: Bone

Decreases plasma Ca2+ concentraion

stimulated by gastrin

Gland: Adrenal cortex; Zona glomerulosa

targets: kidney tubules

increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Gland: zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

target: most cells

increases blood glucose at the expense of protein and fat stores; contributes to stress adaption

gland: adrenal cortex; zona fasciulata and zona reticularis

females: bone and brain

responsible for pubertal growth spurt and sex drive in females

gland: adrenal medulla

targets: sympathetic receptor sites throughout body

reinforces sympathetic nervous systen; contributes to stress adaption and blood pressure regulation

Beta cells

Gland: endocrine pancreas )islet of langerhans)

targets: most cells

promotes cellulare uptake, use and storage of absorbed nutrients

alpha cells

Gland: endocrine pancreas

targets: most cells

important for maintaining nutrient levels in blood during postabsorptive state

D cells

gland: endocrin pancreas

targets: digestive systen

inhibits digestion and absorption of nutrients

targets: pancreatic islet cells

inhibits secretion of all pancreatic hormones

Gland: Parathyroid gland

targets: bone, kidneys, intestine

increases plasma calcium concentration; decreases plasma PO4 3- concentraion; stimulates vitamin D activation

Gland: gonads/female ovaries

targets: female sex organs; body as a whole

promotes follicular development; governs development of secondary sexual characteristics; stimulates uterine and breast growth

targets: bone

promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate

Progesterone

gland: gonads/ female ovaries

targets: uterus

prepares for pregnancy

Testosterone

gland: male testes

targets: male sex organs; body as a whole

stimulates sperm production; governs development of secondary sexual characteristics; promotes sex drive

targets: bone

enhances pubertal growth spurtL promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate

Inhibin

Gland: testes and ovaries

targets: anterior pituitary

inhibits secretion of follicule-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Estrogen;progesterone

from the placenta

gland: placenta

targets: female sex organs

help maintain pregnancy; prepare breasts for lactation

glands: placenta

target: ovarian corpus luteum

maintains corpus luteum of pregnancy

Renin

(by activating angiotensin)

Gland: kidneys

target: zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex (acten on by angiotensis, which is activated by renin)

stimulates aldosterone secretion; angiotensin II is also a potent vasoconstrictor and stiulates thirst

Gland: kidneys

target: bone barrow

stimulates erythrocyte production

gland: stomach

target: hypothalamus

signals hunger, stimulates appetite

gland: stomach

targets: digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscles; pancreas; liver; gallbladder

control motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes

gland: small intestine

target: digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscles; pancreas; liver; gallbladder

control motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes

gland: small intestine

target: endocrine pancreas

stimulates insulin secretion

gland: small intestine

target hypothalamus

signals satiety; suppresses appetite

Insulin-like growth factor I

(IGF-I)

gland: liver

targets: bone; soft tissures

promotes growth

Thrombopoietin

gland: liver

targets: bone marrow

stimulates platlet production

Hepcidin

gland: liver

targets: intestine

inhibits absorption of Fe into blood

gland: skin

targets: intestine

increases absorption of Ca2+ and PO4 3-

gland: thymus

targets: T lymphocytes

enhances T lymphocyte proliferation and function

gland: heart

targets: kidney tubules

inhibits sodium reabsorption

gland: adipose tissue

targets: hypothalamus

supresses appretite; important in long-term weight control