cardiac

skeletal

smooth

skeletal muscles

attached to the bones of the skeleton

control body movement

striated

multinucleic

voluntary

closest to trunk

found in the heart

moves blood through the circulatory system

striated

mononucleic

intercalated disks

involuntary

proteins in sarcromere

connects all cells

allows flow of signals

primary muscle of internal organs and tubes

influences the movement of material into, out of, and within the body.

not striated

involuntary

inervated by both parasympathetic/sympathetic

cross joints to create movement at the joint

insertion muscle

(skeletal)

flexor muscle

(skeletal)

extensor muscle

(skeletal)

bones move away

skeletal muscle cell

divided into sarcolema, t-tubules, sarcoplasm, mutiple nuclei

collection of myfibrils

brings action potentials into interior of muscle fiber

linked to sarcoplasmic reticulum

loaded with calcium

bring action potentials

organized into sacromere

composed of proteins (troponin, actin, tropomyosin, myosin, titin, nebullin)

thin filaments

thick filaments

motor proteins

sodium to one channel

potassium to another channel

acetyl choline released before action potential

latent period

contraction

relaxation

fast-twitch

gylcolitic

least used

more anerobic

short contractin period

high calcium activity

glycolytic muscle fibers

easily fatigue

large diameter

bust of tension (sprint)

(biceps, legs, wrist, ankle)

slow twitch

oxidative

most used

longest contraction duration

aerobic

oxidative muscle fibers

fatigue resistant

small diameter (long distance)

use oxygen to make ATP

(back, neck, legs)

intermediate

medium diameter

short contraction period

becomes more oxidative with endurance and training

fatigue resistant

standing/walking

muscle relaxes completely between stimuli

twitches identical with muscle relaxation in between them

to increase the force by the muscle to the bone..

increase rate at which the nuerons fire

increase the number of nuerons that fire

summation leading to unfused tetanus

1 nueron and the muscle cells it intervates

all muscle fibers in one motor unit are in the same fiber type.

all-or-none contraction

create force and move load

muscle shortens and creates force to move load

create force without moving a load

muscle does not shorten and foce cannot move load

use less nrg

maintain force for long periods

low oxygen consumption

controlled by hormone, paracrines, and neurotransmitters 

single units connected by gap junctions

(cells contract as a single unit)

postganglionic

parasympathetic

dumps acetyl choline

not linked, cells must be stimulated independently

becomes globular when it contracts

dependent on calcium and ATP

Ca+2 starts contraction process..

Na+ and K+starts contraction process..

efferent division that controls effector

(nueral reflexes)

a) somatic motor nueron: skeletal

b) autonomic: smooth/cardiac muscle

Intregrating region within the CNS

(nueral reflexes)

a) spinal reflex: does not require brain intput

b) cranial reflex: requires brain input

experience

(school bell)

two nuerons:

1 efferent

1 afferent

only somatic motor reflexes

one or more internuerons

all automonic reflexes are polysynaptic

triggers muscle stretch

prevents overstretching within muscles