Term
|
Definition
1. Movement
2. Force for doing work
3. Heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Skeletal "Visceral" Somactic Muscle
2. Smooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
INSERTION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduces joint angle
"Biceps" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increases joint angle
"Triceps" |
|
|
Term
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE
GROUPS |
|
Definition
Flexor-Extensor move skeletal elements in opposite direction
"Biceps-Triceps Muscles" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decreases angle between
humerus and radius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increases angle between
humerus and radius |
|
|
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE
FIBER CHARACTERISTIC |
|
Definition
Long cylindrical
Multiple nuclei |
|
|
Term
T-TUBULES
AND
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
|
Definition
T-tubules
"small infoldings of sarcolemma; has terminal cisternae of SR on boths sides (triad)" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T-tubules conduct muscle AP deep into muscle fiber, triggers release of Ca+ from terminal cisternae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of protein produce muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
MYOFIBRIL
PROTEIN
COMPOSITION |
|
Definition
| Compose thick and thin filaments, organized into repeating units called SARCOMERES |
|
|
Term
3 REGIONS OF MYOSIN
"MOTOR PROTEIN" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G-Actin
"Globular protein polymerizes into F-actin twist together form thin filaments" |
|
|
Term
THIN FILAMENTS
4 PROTEINS |
|
Definition
1. Actin
2. Tropomyosin
3. Troponin
4. Nebulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covers myosin binding site on actin prevent complete binding by myosin head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shifting tropomyosin expose the myosin binding sites during contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Align and supports thin filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin and myosin form crossbridges during contraction myosin head bind to G-actin of thin filaments of myosin binding sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Z-Disk
2. I-Band
3. A-Band
4. H-Zone
5. M-Line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attachment site thin filaments on ends of sarcomere and thin filaments of adjacent sarcomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains only thin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encompasses entire length of thick filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clear zone in A-Band consists only of thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Represents proteins form attachment site for thick filaments |
|
|
Term
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
OF
MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
|
Definition
1. Thin filaments slide along thick filaments
2. Z-Disks pulled toward M-Line
3. Sarcomere myofibrils are shortened in length
4. Muscle fiber shortened
5. Overall muscle shortened |
|
|
Term
EVENTS LEADING TO
SLIDING OF THIN FILAMENT ALONG
THICK FILAMENT |
|
Definition
1. Tight binding, rigor state. Crossbridge 45* filament
2. ATP binds site on myosin head. Myosin dissociates from actin
3. ATPase activity of myosin hydrolyzes ATP. ADP and Pi remain bound to myosin
4. Myosin swings over, weakly binds actin, 90* filament
5. Release Pi initiates power stroke . Myosin head rotates on hinge. Pushes actin filament past it.
6. End power stroke, myosin head releases ADP and resumes tightly bound rigor state |
|
|
Term
RELAXED STATE FUNCTION OF MUSCLE FIBER
"REGULATORY ROLE OF TROPOMYOSIN AND TROPONIN" |
|
Definition
Tropomyosin partially covers mysosin binding sites. Prevents myosin fully binding and releasing Pi. Can't undergo power stroke. |
|
|
Term
INITIATION OF CONTRACTION
"REGULATORY ROLE OF TROPOMYOSIN AND TROPONIN" |
|
Definition
1. Ca+2 increase in cytosol
2. Ca+2 binds troponin
3. Troponin-Ca+2 complex pulls tropomyosin away from G-actin binding site
4. Myosin binds to actin and completes power stroke
5. Actin filament moves |
|
|
Term
EXCITATION
CONTRACTION
COUPLING
|
|
Definition
1. Somatic motor releases ACh at neuromuscular junction
2. No entry of Na+ through ACh receptor, initiates a muscle AP
3. AP in t-tubules alter conformation of DHP receptor
4. DHP receptor opens Ca+2 enters cytoplasm
5. Ca+2 binds troponin allowing strong actin-myosin binding
6. Myosin heads execute power stroke
7. Actin filament slides toward center of sarcomere
**Muscle fiber contracts completely and repolarizes** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Ca+2 on SR close
2. Ca+2 pumps on SR pump Ca+2 into SR
3. Pulls Ca+2 off troponin
4. Tropomyosin shifts partially covers myosin binding sites on G-actin
5. Sarcomere to original length help of titin
6. Muscle fiber relaxes/returns to original length |
|
|
Term
3 SKELETAL MUSCLE
FIBER TYPES |
|
Definition
Slow twitch oxidative
Fast twitch oxidative
Fast twitch glycolytic |
|
|
Term
SLOW
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"MYOSIN TYPE" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SLOW
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"TWITCH DURATION" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SLOW
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"FATIGUE RESISTANCE" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SLOW
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"COLOR" |
|
Definition
Deep Red
"Lots of Myoglobin" |
|
|
Term
SLOW
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"USED FOR" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"MYOSIN TYPE" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"TWITCH DURATION" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"FATIGUE RESISTANCE" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"COLOR" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
OXIDATIVE
"USED FOR" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
GLYCOLYTIC
"MYOSIN TYPE" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
GLYCOLYTIC
"TWITCH DURATION" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
GLYCOLYTIC
"FATIGUE RESISTANCE" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
GLYCOLYTIC
"COLOR" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FAST
TWITCH
GLYCOLYTIC
"USED FOR" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MUSCLE FIBERS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZED IN MOTOR UNITS: |
|
Definition
Motor units motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Basic functional unit of a skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fine Movements- Few muscle fibers
Gross Movements- Large number of muscle fibers
Motor unit activated, all fibers in unit contract completely and relax (all or none)
Larger motor unit, larger force generated when it contracts |
|
|
Term
NERVOUS SYSTEM VARIES
FORCE OF CONTRACTION
IN 2 WAYS: |
|
Definition
1. Varying type of Motor Units activated:
Larger- increase MF, increase force
Small- decreas MF, decrease force
2. Change number activated any one time during contraction:
Force of contraction be increased by recruting additional motor units:
Motor Unit Recruitment |
|
|
Term
| MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT OCCURS IN A STEREOTYPED WAY DURING A MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
|
Definition
Nervous system 1st activated a few small motor units produce small force
Force contraction increase, nervous system increases number/size of motor units being activated
Max force contractions approached, largest motor untis in muscle activated, composed of fast twitch glycolytic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fast twitch GF can't sustain contraction for long
Force of contraction drops as motor units drop out of contraction
Skeletal muscles possible sustain submax for long periods by asynchronous recruitment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nervous system alternates activation of motor units, different motor units maintaining contraction. Allows sustained submaximal contraction of muscle for long periods |
|
|
Term
2 TYPES
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
GENERATE FORCE |
|
Definition
1. Isotonic
Generates force, shortens length, moves load
Eccentric-lengthening
Concentic-shortening
2. Isometric
Generate force, don't shorten, don't move load |
|
|
Term
ELASTIC ELEMENTS
IN MUCSLE |
|
Definition
1. Isometric
Not shortened. Sarcomere shorten, generate force, elastic elements stratch, muscle length remains same
2. Isotonic
Sarcomeres shorten more, elastic elements already stretched, entire muscle shortens |
|
|
Term
ATP IS REQUIRED
IN STEADY SUPPLY DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION
ATP NEEDED: |
|
Definition
1. During contraction release of myosin head from actin and movement of myosin head
2. During relaxation muscle fiber by Ca+2 pump move Ca+2 ions into SR
3. After excitation-contraction restore Na/K concentration gradient in/outside muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
3 REASONS
FOR
MUSCLE FATIGUE |
|
Definition
1. Extended submaximal exercise
2. Short duration maximal exertion
3. Potassium |
|
|
Term
EXTENDED
SUBMAXINAL
EXERCISE |
|
Definition
| Depletion of glycogen energy stores in muscle |
|
|
Term
SHORT DURATION
MAXIMAL EXERTION |
|
Definition
Increase levels Pi in muscle fibers
Slow Pi release from myosin
Decrease Ca+ release from SR |
|
|
Term
POTASSIUM
IN
MUSCLE FATIGUE |
|
Definition
K+ leaves cell during AP, external build up alters membrane potential
thus release Ca+2 from SR |
|
|
Term
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
APPEARANCE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attached to skeletal elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Voluntary
Somatic Motor Subdivision |
|
|
Term
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
MORPHOLOGY |
|
Definition
Long, cylindrical,
multiple nuclei |
|
|
Term
SKELTAL MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
SPEED |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE
INTERNAL CELL
STRUCTURE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CARDIAC
MUSCLE
APPEARANCE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involuntary
Autonomic Subdivision |
|
|
Term
CARDIAC
MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
SPEED |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CARDIAC
MUSCLE
INTERNAL CELL
STRUCTURE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Digetive Tract
Walls of Blood Vessels, bronchioles, urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individual cells, fusiform,
single nucleus |
|
|
Term
SMOOTH MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
SPEED |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SMOOTH MUSCLE
INTERNAL
CELL STRUCTURE |
|
Definition
Little SR
No T-tubules
Caveloae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bring Ca+2 from extracellular to
supplement SR |
|
|
Term
SOMATIC MOTOR
REFLEXES
"NEURAL CIRCUITS" |
|
Definition
Mediate somatic motor
reflexes and
don't require input from
brain |
|
|
Term
SOMATIC MOTOR
REFLXES
"CIRCUITS INCLUDE
RECEPTORS IN:" |
|
Definition
Periphery
Monosynaptic
Polysynaptic |
|
|
Term
POLYSYNAPTIC
REFLEX CIRCUIT
INVOLVES: |
|
Definition
One or more interneurons between
afferent sensory and motor neuron |
|
|
Term
SKELETAL MUSCLE
REFLEXES HAVE
PROPRIOCEPTORS: |
|
Definition
Sense muscle stretch and joint angle
Located in skeletal muscle, joint capsules and ligaments
Send signals to CNA via afferent sensory
Somatic motor neurons carry output signal to muscle
AKA. Alpha Motor Neurons
Effectors are contractile skeletal muscle fibers produce reflex response |
|
|
Term
PROPRIOCEPTORS
COMPOSITION |
|
Definition
1. Muscle spindle
2. Golgi tendon organ
3. Joint receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capsules and ligaments around joints |
|
|
Term
MUSCLE SPINDLE
AND
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS
ARE: |
|
Definition
| Sensory receptors in muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Consists of modified muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers
Monitor muscle lenght and prevent overstretching |
|
|
