Term
Underweight: <5th perentile
Healthy Weight: 5th up to 85th percentile
Overweight: 85th up to 95th percentile
Obese: more or equal to 95th percentile |
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Definition
| define childhood overweight and obesity in terms of BMI-for-age |
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Term
inadequate growth during infancy or childhood caused by inadequate nutrition (from poor intake, poor absorption, illness, and/or excessive expenditure) (can have specific medical cause, but 80% have no apparent disease);
CAUSES: POVERTY IS THE BIGGEST ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR; poor parent-infant interactions (inexperience) |
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Definition
| What is failure to thrive? List some possible causes |
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Term
rapid growth rate; weight doubles by 6 months and triples by 1 year of age ; length increases 50% by end of 1st year;
nutrients needed to support proper growth: Calories, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, and other nutrients |
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Definition
| describe the rate of infant growth. how does nutrition support this (6)? |
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Term
| 1) smaller in size (height and weight) |
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Definition
| what are effects of undernutrition on growth? |
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Term
GROWTH
-weight: use to assess SHORT TERM nutritional health
-height: use to assess LONG TERM nutritional health |
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Definition
| what is the single best indicator of child's nutritional status? What does weight and height indicate? |
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Term
| eating a poor diet during stages of infancy or childhood hampers growth: consuming an adequate diet later WILL NOT compensate for lost growth |
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Definition
| Can a child make up for lost growth due to undernutrition if the diet improves? Understand why. |
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Term
growth charts
-used for ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH in HEALTHY infants and children
-height and weight correspond to a percentile
-percentile: the rank of the person among 100 peers matched for age and gender
-50th percentile is considered average
-head circumference: measure brain growth and can also be an indicator of potential health concerns if abnormally small or large |
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Definition
| how do health professional assess growth? |
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Term
-overfeeding increases number of adipose cells
-underfeeding may affect organ development
-unwise to restrict diet |
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Definition
| what are effects of over and underfeeding? |
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Term
| MEASURES BRAIN GROWTH and can also be an indicator of potential health concerns if abnormally small or large; brain grows faster first year than any other time |
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Definition
| what does head circumference indicate? |
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Term
overweight infants become normal weight preschoolers without diet restriction; restriction of calories during infancy can impact organ system, brain, nervous system;
1 to 3 year olds, FAT INTAKE RANGES FROM 30-40% |
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Definition
| understand the effects of calories restriction in infancy and childhood. understand why it is not advised to restrict fat or calories during these stages |
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Term
POVERTY IS THE BIGGEST ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR; poor parent-infant interactions (inexperience)
CONSEQUENCES: impaired physical and cognitive development; behavioral problems |
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Definition
| what are the risk factors and consequences of failure to thrive? |
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Term
| Cow's milk is too high in protein and minerals- infant cannot digest its proteins (36g of protein and 7g of minerals); Cow's milk is also too low in calories and fat (only 360kcal and 1g of fat for fat-free) |
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Definition
| why is unaltered cow's milk NOT recommended for infant feeding? |
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Term
Vitamin K:
-routinely given as injection at birth
-intestinal bacteria then begin to synthesize vitamin K
Vitamin D:
-American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): all infants and children should consume 400 IU of vitamin D
-supplement needed if breastfed or if formula less than 1 quart a day
Vitamin B12:
-breastfed infants whose mothers are vegan should receive vitamin B-12 in supplement form |
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Definition
| Do infants require any supplemental vitamins or minerals? If so, which ones? What is the rationale for their use? |
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Term
| because of rapid growth and the metabolism rate; higher body surface area (loss of heat) |
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Definition
| why does an infant have such high energy requirements? |
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Term
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Definition
True or False:
Breast milk or formula, containing no fiber, IS adequate nutrition for the first 6 months |
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Term
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Definition
| what percentage of fat does an infant need in their daily diet? |
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Term
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Definition
| what macromolecule gives half of the energy supplied by breast milk and formula? |
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Term
IRON:
-stores depleted by 4-6 months
-iron supplementation for breast fed infants in some situations (preterm, LBW, mother deficient in pregnancy)
-introduction of iron-fortified foods (4-6 MONTHS OLD)
Zinc and Iodide:
-supplied by breast milk or formula
Fluoride supplement:
-not before 6 months of age
-tap water contains fluoride
-doctor may recommend if needed |
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Definition
| what are the mineral needs of an infant and what is the rationale of these? |
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Term
fluid needs:
-~3 cups per day
-met with breastmilk or formula intake |
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Definition
| how is the need for water best met for an infant? |
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Term
AAP: not recommended during the first 6 months (even in hot climates)
Babies are EASILY dehydrated
-can damage kidneys
-may require rehydration fluids (Pedialyte) that contain electrolytes
best to rely on breast milk or infant formula for fluid needs up to 6 months |
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Definition
| Is supplement water needed for babies? |
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Term
1) more than 6 hours without a wet diaper
2) dark-yellow or strong-smelling urine
3) unusually tired and fussy
4) dry mouth and lips
5) absence of tears when crying
6) eyes and soft spot on the head appear sunken
7) cold and splotchy hands and feet |
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Definition
| what are 7 indicators of possible dehydration in an infant? |
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Term
Breast Milk:
-high fat (55% of kcal); lower carbs (35-40% of kcal); low protein (10% of kcal)
-flavors of mother's diet are transferred into her milk
Formula Feeding:
-COW'S MILK NOT TOLERATED
-Fortified with vitamins and minerals (except fluorine)
-Cow's milk based formula: contains lactose/sucrose, casein, whey, and vegetable oils)
-soy based formula contains soy protein and do not contain lactose
-pre-digested formula-hydrolyzed proteins for infants with allergies |
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Definition
| list three similarities between human milk and infant formula. list three differences |
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Term
GENERAL READINESS:
1) reaching about 13 lbs
2) consuming more than 32 ounces formula daily, or breastfeeding more than 8 to 10 times in 24 hours
PHYSICAL SIGNS OF READINESS
3) extrusion reflex disappears
4) better head and neck control
5) ability to sit up |
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Definition
| describe four ways to assess an infant's readiness for solid foods |
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Term
1) build a variety of food
2) choose fruits, vegetables, grains (don't overdue fiber)
3) sugar and sodium in moderation (avoid sugar substitutes)
4) choose foods containing IRON, ZINC, CALCIUM |
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Definition
| Excessive intake of added sugars becomes common in late infancy. Describe several ways to limit intake of added sugars in an infant's diet. |
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Term
1) allergenic foods (symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, rash, wheezing-- egg white, peanuts, treenuts, soy, wheat, cow's milk)
2) honey or corn syrup (clostridium botulium)
3) highly seasoned foods
4) excessive formula or breast milk
5) foods that tend to cause choking (hot dogs, whole grapes)
6) Cow's milk (none till year 1, then no -fat-free or 1%, beyond 2 year, 1%, fat-free is OKAY)
7) goat's milk, too low in some nutrients
8) excessive juice
9) food safety hazards: raw milk (unpasteurized, soft cheeses, undercooked meat)
10) excessive nutrient supplementation |
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Definition
| List three foods to avoid giving to infants during the first year of life. |
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Term
1) monitor safety and cleanliness
2)boil cold water
-hot tap water not recommended due to lead poisoning (from pipes)
-Do not microwave (risk for "hot spots")
3) Well water should be boiled
4) Watch out for nitrates in municipal water systems
5) Prepared Bottles
-Can be stored in refrigerator for 24 hours
-Leftover formula from a feeding should be discarded
-ADA (American Dental Association) advises not to mix formula with bottled nursery water due to high fluoride content |
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Definition
| Understand how to safely prepare a bottle |
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Term
Infant is ready for table food at about 6 months
-add to, not replace human milk or formula
-1st year, should be eating PROTEIN SOURCES, FRUITS, VEGETABLES, GRAINS (diet begins to look balanced) |
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Definition
| how would you expand infants mealtime choices?-in the first year, what should an infant all be eating? |
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Term
AAP recommends solid foods be introduced at 6 months of age (if also showing readiness signs)
GENERAL READINESS:
1) reaching about 13 pounds
2) consuming more than 32 ounces formula daily, or breastfeeding more than 8-10 times in 24 hours
PHYSICAL SIGNS OF READINESS
3) extrusion reflex disappears
4) better head and neck control
5) ability to sit up |
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Definition
| when does the AAP recommend to introduce solid foods? Describe ways to assess an infant's readiness for solid foods |
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Term
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
-replenish iron stores (depleted at 4-6 months)
-Vitamin D
PHYSIOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES
-more mature digestive system
-increased kidney function
ALLERGY PREVENTION |
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Definition
| Know why it's important nutritionally to start solid foods at around 6 months. |
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Term
INTRODUCE ONE FOOD AT A TIME
-do not introduce mixed foods
-check for intolerance
-wait ONE WEEK before introducing a new food
-1 tsp serving size
Iron-fortified cereals-rice cereal
Strained foods and meats
Offer breastmilk, formula, or water in a sippy cup (not a bottle) with wide base
-prevent early childhood caries
No cow's milk until age 1 |
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Definition
| Understand guidelines for introducing first foods |
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Term
1) build to a variety of foods
2) avoid over and underfeeding- follow infant's cues
3) infants need fat
4) choose fruits, vegetables, grains (Don't overdue fiber!)
5) sugar and sodium in moderation (avoid sugar substitutes)
6) choose foods containing IRON, ZINC, CALCIUM |
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Definition
| understand what to feed and what not to feed and why (choose foods containing what 3 minerals?) |
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Term
1) repeat exposure: may take 10 or more exposures until acceptable
2) food preference influenced by food temperature, appearance, texture, and taste
3) six small meals vs. three large meals can help
NUTRIENT DENSE FOOD ACCEPTANCE:
-build on what they know, pair new foods with familiar foods
-enlist child in selection, preparation
-serve meals on sectional plate
-keep it crunchy, mild flavor
-finger foods are fun
-save best for last, serve challenging food first
-better chance of acceptance when hungry
-avoid nagging, forcing, bribing, and overreacting which makes dinner table the battlefield
-avoid forcing child to clean plate
-encourage one bite (One Bite Rule) of undesired food
-lead by example |
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Definition
| Picky eating is a common complaint among parents of preschoolers. Provide three or more suggestions to help a preschooler choose nutritious foods. |
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Term
toddlers and preschoolers need to eat every 3-4 HOURS; smaller stomach capacity
6 small meals vs. 3 large meals |
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Definition
| How often do preschoolers need to eat throughout the day? |
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Term
-Supplements generally are NOT NECESSARY
-BETTER TO EMPHASIZE GOOD FOODS
-Use of fortified cereals and multivitamins together may lead to UL of some nutrients (vitamin A and zinc)
-risk of overdose of some nutrients (iron) if child consumes too many
- focus on whole-grain breads and cereals, fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk, milk products |
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Definition
| Should toddlers and preschoolers take a multivitamin and mineral supplement? Why or why not? |
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Term
1) begin oral hygiene WHEN TEETH APPEAR
2) seek early dental care
3) fluoridated water, moderate soft sugary options
4) fluoridated toothpaste (when they can spit it out- should not be swallowed)
5) snacks in moderation
6) avoid sticky foods
7) sugarless gum |
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Definition
| List three ways to reduce risk for dental caries with healthy eating habits. |
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Term
IRON
-Iron-deficiency anemia most likely to appear in children ages 6 to 24 months
-Iron stores of gestation run out
-Decrease stamina (low oxygen supply to cells), learning ability, and immunity
-WIC has helped decrease anemia
-Sources: lean meats (heme iron), fortified cereals, vitamin C source with iron
CALCIUM
-Period of rapid bone growth and mineralization
-vital to maximize bone mass during childhood and adolescence
-Diets of children usually fall short
-Milk as a source: up to 2 yr. old, whole milk only for extra fat energy; after 2yr. old, reduced fat, fat-free preferred; non-dairy beverages can supply enough calcium (soymilk, almond milk, fortified orange juice) |
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Definition
| Why are iron and calcium important for preschoolers and what are effects of undernutrition of these vitamins? |
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Term
| Intakes of fast foods, processed foods elevate sodium intakes (about 1000mg/day more than needed) |
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Definition
| what contributes most often to excessive intake of sodium for toddlers and preschoolers? |
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Term
Limit salt added at table, decrease intake of processed foods and fast foods, rinse canned vegetables
Consume fruits, vegetables, whole grains instead of prepackaged snacks |
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Definition
| How can you help a preschooler reduce sodium intake practically? |
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Term
| Up to age 5, PORTION SIZE FOR FRUITS, VEGETABLES SHOULD BE 1 TABLESPOON PER YEAR OF LIFE |
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Definition
| Nutrient density foods are very important for the first five years of a child's life. What is the portion size of fruits and vegetables for children 1-5? |
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Term
Nutrient dense snacks:
-fruits and vegetables (fresh, frozen, or canned), whole-grain breads and crackers
-offer two or three choices |
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Definition
| What is an ideal snack for a toddler or preschooler? |
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Term
Caused from exposure to contaminated drinking water, inhaling lead dust, contaminated dietary supplements--lead to long term intellectual and behavioral impairments
Protection:
-balanced meals with a variety of whole grains, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products
-let cold water run 2 to 3 minutes when it has not run for long period
Diagnosis of constipation made after 2 or more weeks of delayed or difficult bowel movements
-rule out any medical causes
-may be sign of food allergy or intolerance (ex. cow's milk)
Treatment:
- enemas
-laxatives under direction of physician
-more fiber (whole fruits and vegetables) and fluids (4 cups/day for toddlers and 5 cups/day for older children)
-more physical activity |
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Definition
| What are ways to lower the risk of lead poisoning and address constipation? |
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Term
1) risks of iron and B-12 deficiency
2) adequate intake of calories
3) focus on protein, vitamin B-12, iron, zinc, vitamin D, and calcium rich foods
4) possible need for a vitamin/mineral supplement |
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Definition
| what are 4 considerations in nutrition of vegetarian preschooler? |
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Term
| 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily for children and adolescents |
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Definition
| what is the Physical Activity Guildeline for Americans for children and adolescents? |
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Term
AAP: limit screen time to 14 hours per week
Limit high-calories foods, sugared soft drinks, and whole milk
More nutrient dense foods and healthy snacks
If weight-loss diet: gradual losses of 1 to 2 lb/wk |
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Definition
| Understand trends and risk factors of childhood overweight and obesity and how to address it |
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Term
| Weight management-diet and exercise |
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Definition
| what is the treatment for early signs of CVD? |
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Term
-Children who eat breakfast-more likely to meet daily needs for vitamins and minerals
-research shows starting day with breakfast reduces obesity risk |
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Definition
| What are benefits to eating breakfast? |
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Term
1) fortified breakfast cereal nutrient dense
2) satiety-combine traditional carb-rich breakfast foods with a source of protein, such as low-fat cheese, nuts, or eggs |
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Definition
| what is a good example of a healthy breakfast? |
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Term
| Choose low fat milk, lean meats, baked chicken (without skin) and fish (few recommendations for 2 servings of omega-3 rich fish per week) |
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Definition
| what are 4 appropriate recommendations for fat for school-age children? |
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Term
1) need more nutrient dense beverages rather than empty calorie beverages (ex. soft drinks, flavored fruit drinks, sports drinks)
2) replace empty calorie beverages with water, low- or fat-free milk
3) replace 100% juices with whole fruits |
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Definition
| what are 3 appropriate recommendations for beverages for school-age children? |
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Term
| USDA's TEAM NUTRITION (www.teamnutrition.usda.gov) |
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Definition
| initiatives supports child nutrition programs with education materials (promote healthy food choices and physical activity) |
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Term
| Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act |
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Definition
| in 2010, President Barack Obama signed this act; it extended national school lunch and breakfast program funding; new standards for foods served in schools |
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Term
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Definition
| Which two minerals are most likely to be deficient in teen diets? |
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Term
1) Recommend smaller portions of high fat/sugar foods
2) larger servings of low-fat dairy, lean meats, vegetables, fruits, and whole grains
3) stress importance of nutrition on physical performance and fitness |
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Definition
| what are 3 ways to improve the diet of a teen? |
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Term
| 3 SERVINGS FROM DAIRY OR NONDAIRY ALTERNATIVE FOR ALL TEENAGERS; all adults recommended intake for dairy is also 3 servings |
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Definition
| What are recommendations for dairy intake for teenagers? Are these different than for adults? |
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Term
1) emphasize iron-rich foods, lean meats, whole grains, and enriched cereals
2) menstruating teenage girls may need multivitamin with iron |
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Definition
| what are 2 recommendations to improve iron stores for teenagers? |
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Term
| Exposure REDUCES BRAIN MASS IN AREA WHERE DECISIONS ARE MADE, LEARNING, AND MEMORY |
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Definition
| what are some of the health effects of consuming alcohol during the teenage years? |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction to food, involves an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| aka food hypersensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction to food that does not involve an allergic reaction |
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Term
1) milk
2) eggs
3) peanuts
4) treenuts
5) fish
6) shellfish
7) wheat
8) soy |
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Definition
| what are the 8 leading food allergens in the U.S.? |
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