Term
| What causes an ischemic stroke? |
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Definition
Thrombosis
Stenosis
which are caused by
Atheroclerosis
Embolism |
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Term
| How do you cure an ischemic stroke? |
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Definition
Blood Thinners
NMDA blockers (glutamate blockers)
rTPA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| BLockage due to plaque breaking off and floating upstream in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty plaque in the blood vessel walls causign a clot |
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Term
Hemorragic Strokes damage the brain how?
How are they treated? Common causes? |
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Definition
- Draining the tissue of its blood
- Putting pressure on the brain
Treated by draining the brain of the blood to relieve the pressure.
Caused often by aneursims. |
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Term
| Pros of using Stroke/Lesion as a research tool |
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Definition
- Easy to observe real behaviors OUTSIDE the scanner.
- Damages a very specific area of the brain, leaving other areas intact |
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Term
| Cons of using Stroke/Lesions as research tool |
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Definition
The problem with using strokes/lesions are a research tool are that:
- The brain tends to adapt physically to compensate
- People can compensate behaviorally as well for problems
- Some damage is NOT obvious from the lesion itself |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Somatosensory Cortex BA and function |
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Definition
BA 5, 7
Functions to do higher level processing of incoming sensory information. |
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Term
| Supplementary motor area and function |
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Definition
BA 6
Acts in motor planning/planning sequences |
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Term
| Premotor area BA and function |
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Definition
BA 6 also
Involved in the spatial aspect of movement/propioceptive feedback. |
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Term
| Ideomotor apraxia - definition and brain area damaged |
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Definition
Difficulty in the abstract understanding of movement. Miming issues. Spontaneous action fine.
Damage to left parietal |
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Term
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Definition
Problems with sequences of movements.
Damgae to SMA, premotor, or parietal |
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Term
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Definition
Difficulty in putting the parts of objects together and perceiving something spatially...
Damage to parietal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Goes along with dementia. Difficulty understanding the concept of objects. and how to use them.k |
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Term
| Broca's aphasia - symptoms (4) |
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Definition
- Difficulty finding the right word (anomia)
- Right hemiparesis
- Dysarthrea
- Agrammatic/"telegraphic speech" |
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Term
| Symptoms of Wernicke's Aphasia (4) |
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Definition
- Produce a sort of "word salad"
- Difficulty word finding..use a lot of pronouns
- Pressured speech
- Paraphasias - specifically, semantic and phoenemic |
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Term
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Definition
| Confusing two words based on their meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Confusing two words based on their similar sounds |
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Term
| Conduction aphasia - symptoms, brain damage |
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Definition
Symptoms include difficulty repeating words and lots of paraphasias
Brain damage to arcuate fasciulus, under BA40 (supramarginal gyrus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to both Broca's and Wernicke's. Difficulty with both production and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| DAmage to the thalamic area, causing a disconnect of the language areas |
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Term
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Definition
| Basically a milder Broca's. Comprehension and production is fine, but still has difficulty in finding the right words. |
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Term
| Transcortical motor aphasia - causes/symptoms |
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Definition
Severe damage to areas around Broca's.
Causes extreme Broca's-symptoms. Many patients don't even try to speak. |
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Term
| Transcrotical sensory aphasia |
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Definition
Severe damage to Wernicke's.
Causes extreme Wernicke-like symptoms.. |
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Term
| Basic Agrammatism Theories: |
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Definition
1. Broca's area is a storehouse for grammar (Anatomic Storehouse Theory)
2. Broca's area is required for UNDERSTANDING syntax (contiguity disorder, loss of predication)
3. Agrammatism comes from super effortful production
- Economy of effort/Adaptation theory |
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Term
| Adaptation theory of agrammatism |
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Definition
| VOluntary simplification of utterances. Like, talking to a foreigner. |
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Term
| central syntactic Deficit |
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Definition
| Loss of central representation of grammatical knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| don't understand semantic relationships between borders. Can name two things, but can't make connection. |
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Term
| PET Scan - how does it work? |
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Definition
| Radioactive substance basically injected in you. Detect changes in blood flow by measuring levels of it over time. |
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Term
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Definition
- Quiet
- Fairly good localization of activity |
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Term
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Definition
- Invasive
- Difficult to clear out of system. Can only be done once over long period of time.
- Poor temporal resolution
- Must co-register with CT/MRI scan since it doesn't provide structual output |
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Term
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Definition
Subject does task outside the scanner
Then injected with HMPAO, and binds to brain areas based on blood activity levels. Control condition must be done different day. |
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Term
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Definition
- Doesn't require many trials
- Can tell when gray matter is NOT active
- Can do task outside scanner |
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Term
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Definition
Poor temporal
Invasive
Takes time to clear system |
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Term
| fMRI - what is it? What also can be used with it? |
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Definition
basically a super MRI machine that follows the deoxygenation of blood.
BOLD Signal. DTI can be done with it. |
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Term
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Definition
- Provides excellent temporal and spatial resolution. Allows event-related designs
- Less invasive
- Easier co-registration, since MRIs can be done at same time |
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Term
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Definition
Loud!!
Slightly invasive
Poorer temporal resolution that EEG
No metal allowed in patient. |
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Term
| Caveats with fMRI research |
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Definition
- Subtraction is necessary. Must plan control condition.
- The difference between control and experimental can be small. How big a diff do we need?
- Can't tell excitatory from inhibitory activity
- Most specialized areas for tasks may not be active. Brain becomes less active over time with practice. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bunch of control trials are done, followed by bunch of experimental trials. rCBF is measured across whole block and compared. Can't do individual events. |
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Term
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Definition
| rCBF captured for each trial/event. Trials averaged together, and activity is compared to experimental trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| rCBG is control condition subtracted from experimental condition. SPM is used. |
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Term
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Definition
| region of interest. Regions of brain predefined, and rCBf in areas are controlled and compared |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that is retained over a period of time without rehersal. Susceptible to interference |
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Term
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Definition
| ACtive manipulation of STM. Done by PFC primarily. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory you can say out loud. |
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Term
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Definition
| Factual knowledge, not tied to specific event, place, time, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering WHERE you learned something/how you know it |
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Term
| nondeclarative/procedural mem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory for events in the past (prior to damage) |
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Term
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Definition
| no consolidation of memories after brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Bilateral removal of medial temporal lboe causing loss in semantic memory. Severe anterograde amnesia. Existing memory in tact. Consolidation of STM to LTM not. |
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Term
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Definition
Long term alcoholism/malnutrition.
Thiamine defciency |
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Term
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Definition
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia on a gradient (further back in time, more is remembered) |
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Term
| Arousal - brain areas, effect |
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Definition
Caused by Reticular Activating System, located at back of midbrain.
Controls activity in rest of cortex |
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Term
| Selective Attention - where in brain and what does it do? |
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Definition
PFC.
Directs attention and monitors behavior, inhibition, and working memory |
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Term
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Definition
- Dorsolateral PFC
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Anterior Cingulate |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitors selective attention. Working mem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitors socially appropriate behaviors/emotion. Inhibits inappropriate behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Performance monitoring, especially on difficult tasks |
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