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| vertebrae, breast bones rib cage |
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| carpals, metacarpals, superior phalanges |
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| femur, patella, tibia (larger) fibula |
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| tarsals, metatarsals, inferior phalanges |
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| protection of vital organs, movement, support and attachment, produce blood cells, storage of nutrients |
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| two major skeleton sections |
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| axial (ribs, spine and cranium) appendicular (all other bones) |
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| long, short, flat, irregular |
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| longer than wide, femur, humerus, tibia |
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| as wide as it is long, patella, carpals, |
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| sites of attachment, scapula, sternum, pelvis |
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| irregular in shape, clustered in groups, vertebrae, coccyx, face bones |
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| bone, tendons, ligaments, synovial fluid, muscle, cartilage |
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| involves two bones meeting, and a varying range of motion depending on the joint |
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| fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
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| six types of synovial joints |
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| ball and socket, condyloid, hinge, gliding, saddle, pivot |
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| flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, circumduction, abduction, adduction, rotation, pronation, supination, eversion, inversion |
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| give an example of a movement, the joints and bones involved |
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| abduction at hip, ball and socket, pelvis and femur |
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| functions of muscular system |
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| movement of the human body, maintaining posture, generating warmth |
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| types of muscle and examples |
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cardiac- heart involuntary, smooth, constant supply of oxygen
smooth- involuntary, internal organs, intestine
skeletal- voluntary, pull on bones to creat movement, bicep |
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| contract slowly, high resistance to fatigue, low force production, red colour |
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| fast twitch muscle characteristics |
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| contract quickly, rapidly get tired, high force, white colour |
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endomorph- fatter
ectomorph- skinny
mesomorph- muscly |
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| functions of the respiratory system |
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| supplies oxygen to lungs, smell, exchanges gases between lungs and blood, air vibrating vocal chords creates sounds |
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| main parts of respiratory system |
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| diaphragm, lungs, airways |
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| list air passages in order |
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| nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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| what are the steps of gas exchange in the lungs |
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| oxygen enters alveoli, blood in capillaries surrounding alveoli are low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, pressure of oxygen in each alveoli higher than in capillaries, diffusion occurs. oxygen blood returns to heart |
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| the diaphragm lowers, causing the lungs to expand and lowering the pressure in the lungs so that the higher pressured air outside flows into the lungs. diffusion happens and and the diaphragm lifts, increasing the pressure and the air leaves the lungs |
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| function of circulatory system |
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| circulate blood, transport oxygen and nutrients and water to cells, removal of waste carbon dioxide, maintain body temperature, fighting disease |
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| three main parts of circulatory system |
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| heart, blood vessels, blood |
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| how much blood is in the body |
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| red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma |
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| haemoglobin carries oxygen, produced in bone marrow, 99% |
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| fight infection, surround and engulf bacteria, develop in bone marrow |
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| clots blood, uses protein |
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| clots blood, watery liquid, 55% volume of blood, majority is water |
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| what are the blood vessels |
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| arteries, veins, capillaries |
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| transport blood away from heart, pushed through beating of heart, thick, muscular walls, smooth fibres |
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| towards heart, carry deoxygenated blood, thin, valves. less elastic walls |
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| one cell thick, allow oxygen and nutrients to move into cells from blood and take out waste and co2 into veins |
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| show the flow of blood in the heart |
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| deoxygenated blood flows into superior or inferior vena caves, into the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery to lungs, new oxygenated blood enters heart from lungs through pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta |
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| ho to work out maximum heart rate |
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| rounded bone fits into end of bone, shoulder, circumduction movement |
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| acts like a door hinge, elbow, extension and flexion |
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| thumb, stability more flexible than hinge joint, rotating movement |
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| ankles, bones glide past one another |
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| two bones on top of one another, rotate, neck |
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| permits movement in two planes, bones fit into one another metacarpals |
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