Term
| Meninges layers from vertebral Forman |
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Definition
| Epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat,connective tissue, blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elastic and collagen fibers |
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Term
| Subarachnoid space makeup |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thin, transparent layer, locked in place by astrocytes and extensions of glial cells |
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Term
| Cervical enlargement suppliers |
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Definition
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Term
| Lumbosacral enlargements suppliers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caudal equina, filum terminale |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal nerves arising from spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Cervical: 1-8
Thoracic: 1-12
Lumbar: 1-5
Sacral: 1-5 |
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Term
| Divides internal spinal cord in half |
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Definition
| Posterior median sulcus and anterior median fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior/posterior horns, gray commissure, central canal, neuron cell bodies w/i spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains CSF and extends entire canal |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior column, posterior column, lateral column (funiculi), distinct nerve bundle fibers |
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Term
| Dorsal (posterior root) connections |
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Definition
| Sensory, cell body in dorsal root ganglion |
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Term
| Ventral (anterior root) connections |
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Definition
| Motor, cell bodies in grey mater |
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Term
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Definition
Cervical: C1-C4
Brachial: C5-T1
Lumbar: T12-L4
Sacral: L4-S4 |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Center for spinal reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| Fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, anterior spinothalamic, lateral spinothalamic, anterior spinal cerebellar tract, posterior spinal cerebellar tract |
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Term
| Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus |
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Definition
| Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> posterior column -> medulla decussation -> sensory cortex Sense: proprioception, fine touch, pressure, vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway: dorsal root ganglion -> decussate -> anterior column-> sensory cortex Sense: crude touch, pressure |
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Term
| Lateral Spinothalamic tract |
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Definition
| Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> decussate-> lateral column -> sensory cortex sense: pain, temperature |
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Term
| Anterior spinal cerebellar tract |
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Definition
Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> decussate-> lateral column-> medulla (decussate)-> cerebellum
senses: proprioception |
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Term
| posterior spinal cerebellar tract |
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Definition
| Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> lateral column-> cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| pyramidal (corticospinal), extrapyramidal (rubrospinal,vestibulospinal,tectospinal,recticulospinal) |
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Term
| descending tract motor activity classes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Controls skeletal muscle activity,
Pathway: upper motor neuron (cell body primary motor cortex) -> lower motor neuron (cell body in brainstem/spinal cord) -> neuromuscular junction
*LOWER MOTOR NEURON EXCITATORY* |
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Term
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Definition
Controls smooth/cardic/glandular
Pathway: Visceral motor neuron (in hypothalamus) -> preganglionic neuron (in brainstem or spinal cord) -> postganglionic neuron (in peripheral ganglion-> neuromuscular junction
#MAY STIMULATE OR INHIBIT* |
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Term
| Pyramidal (corticospinal) |
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Definition
Lateral and Anterior columns
Control: precise, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Anterior Corticospinal Pathway (descending) |
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Definition
| Pathway For Anterior columns: Primary Motor Cortex -> anterior column -> Decussate-> anterior horn-> muscle |
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Term
| Lateral Corticospinal Pathway (descending) |
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Definition
| Pathway for Lateral Column: Primary Motor Cortex-> Medulla (decussate)-> lateral column-> ipsilateral exit out anterior horn-> muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Rubrospinal, vestibulospinal,tectospinal,reticulospinal
Control: Subconscious motor activity. motor tone, posture, coordination of movements
Pathway: in anterior and lateral columns |
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Term
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Definition
Pathway: vestibular nucleus-> spinal cord anterior horn
Control: subconscious control of balance and muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
Pathway: Superior/inferior colliculus-> spinal cord anterior horn
Control: subconscious control of eye, head and neck position |
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Term
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Definition
Pathway: reticular formation-> anterior horns
Control: subconscious control of reflex activity |
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Term
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Definition
Pathway: red nucleus-> anterior spinal horns
Control: Subconscious control of upper limb tone and movement |
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Term
| Motor control integration locations |
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Definition
| motor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum |
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Term
| alpha motor neuron (Lower motor neuron) |
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Definition
Supplies skeletal muscles
nuclei in spinal cord anterior horn
large soma
variable motor unit size |
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Term
| Factors that control muscle force |
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Definition
| Motor unit recruitment, temporal summation |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear bag: nuclei clustered at midpoint
nuclear chain: single row of nuclei
Innervations: group 1 a afferent, group 2 afferent, gamma motor neuron |
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Term
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Definition
spiral enderings
rate of stretch |
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Term
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Definition
spray endings
signal muscle length |
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Term
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Definition
efferent control of intrafusal fibers
reduce responsiveness of receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| Spindle stretched, group 2 afferent constant output |
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Term
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Definition
muscles contract, spindle relaxes
group 2 afferent- decreased output |
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Term
| alpha and gamma motor neuron stimulation |
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Definition
group 2 afferent- constant output
group 1a afferent-phasic change |
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Term
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Definition
structure: spray afferent nerve endings in tendons, joints and connective tissue, innervated by group 1b fibers
Function: respond to stretch, high threshold |
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Term
| Negative feedback muscle control activity |
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Definition
| fine tunes motor response, servo-control system |
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Term
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Definition
fast, predictable, autonomic responses
viscerovisceral, viscerosomatic,somatovisceral, somatosomatic |
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Term
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Definition
sensory and effector are both visceral, unconscious
ex baroreceptor |
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Term
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Definition
sensory-visceral, effector-somatic, unconscious of sensing but conscious of result
ex. abdomincal cramping following appendix rupture |
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Term
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Definition
sensory-somatic, effector-visceral, aware of initial sensory response
ex. vasoconstriction following cutaneous cooling |
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Term
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Definition
sensory-somatic, visceral-somatic, conscious
ex. knee tap reflex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector |
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Term
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Definition
| pain, pressure, stretch, etc |
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Term
| intergrating center for reflex arc |
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Definition
| monosynaptic: single synapse in gray matter polysynaptic: one or more associations (interneurons) |
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Term
| Phasic stretch relfex- monosynpatic (knee jerk) Pathway |
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Definition
| Activates stretch receptor Grp 1a, Pathway: muscle spindles (receptor)-> sensory neuron (group 1a)-> posterior horn-> ipsilateral cross to anterior horn |
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Term
| Phasic stretch reflex- monosynpatic (knee jerk) control |
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Definition
| maintain tone and balance Jendrasik Maneuver |
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Term
| Tonic stretch reflex (monosynaptic/polysynaptic) |
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Definition
Receptors are group 1a and 2a fibers from muscle spindle
result of slow stretch and demonstrated by induced hinge movement
used to maintain posture, can test anesthesia amount |
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Term
| tendon reflex (polysynaptic) |
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Definition
receptor is the golgi tendon
activates inhibitory association neurons in cord |
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Term
| tendon reflex (polysynaptic)function |
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Definition
inhibits ipsilateral muscle activity
prevents tendon damage due to stretch |
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Term
| H. withdrawl and crossed extensor reflex (polysynaptic) receptor |
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Definition
| initiated by pain receptor |
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Term
| H. withdrawl and crossed extensor reflex (polysynaptic) pathway |
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Definition
| posterior horn-> spinal cord-> association neuron-> ipsilateral cross-> limb flexor muscles-> limb withdrawl |
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Term
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Definition
initiated by association neuron
extension of contralateral muscles at same level
polysynaptic (ipsilateral-flexor grps and contralateral-extensor grps)
significant latency and duration
allows placing weight on opposite limb |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluate level of anesthesia, evaluate degree of intervertebral disk compression, evaluate muscular weakness and disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| initial areflexia (24 hrs)-> denervation supersensitivity (day 1-3)-> hyperreflexia (1-4 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
all reflexes lost below spinal cord injury
due to loss of descending excitatory reflexes |
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Term
| denervatin supersensitivity |
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Definition
hyperactive stretch and flexion reflexes
return of polysynaptic then monosynaptic reflex
due to loss of descending inhibitory input |
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Term
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Definition
abnormally large reflexes with minimal stimulation
axons and cell bodies sprout new dendritic connectivity |
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Term
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Definition
plantar stimulation results in extensor reflex
occurs wih damage to corticospinal tract (upper motor neuron)
found in newborn infants |
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Term
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Definition
transection of brainstem- exaggerated extensor activity, results in hyperactive stretch reflexes
condision reversed by transection of forsal root, no efferent activity |
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Term
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Definition
normal reflexes assisting postural adjustments
receptors include vestibular apparatus, cranial proprioreceptors
vestibuloocular reflex,macula stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
eyes turned in opposite direction of head turning
maintains focus
nystagmus
vestibular placing reaction |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when head movement exceeds visual field
alternating slow and fast movement |
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Term
| vestibular placing reaction |
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Definition
stimulation of macula results in forelimb extension
preparation for landing |
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Term
| postural reflex locomotion |
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Definition
spinal cord maintains locomotory pattern osscillating circuts
tonic activity in descending pathways converted to rhythmic discharge to alpha motor neurons by spinal cord activity
foot pad pressure facilitates alternating efferent activity |
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Term
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Definition
| tests reflex inhibition, gives a more dramatic response b/c you're not thinking of the knee-jerk reaction. |
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