Term
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Definition
| Being able to tell where a memory came from. Not what is remembered, but from WHERE the information was learned. A qualitative not quantitative difference. |
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Term
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Definition
source cueing
Providing source information can serve as a cue to help a person remember. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious plagiarism. A person has a “good idea” that they think is new. It has been forgotten that it, or something similar to it, has been encountered earlier. Ex: Category Item Generation Task (person given category name and asked to give example. People often plagiarize the answer that person before them said. |
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Term
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Definition
false fame effect
Calling nonfamous names “famous” after they have been read/heard earlier. People given a list of famous, old nonfamous names, and new nonfamous names. Task is to identify famous names. Old nonfamous names were called famous more often than new nonfamous names. People use familiarity to make decision because it feels familiar not because they actually remember it. tendency to think that a person is famous when they are not famous just because the name sounds familiar. |
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Term
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Definition
sleeper effect
People hear message from high or low credibility sources. After a few days or weeks, the message from the low credibility source will have greater credibility. People lose source information and only remember message. Things that once seemed unreasonable, now become reasonable just after a simple passage of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering things that never happened, false memories may be remembered with high confidence. However, they are typically not the most confident memories, nor the first recalled. Often what is falsely remembered is associated with other real information. When and how people remember things that never really appened. Errors in memory can cause serious problems. Good example is false info in an eyewitness testimony. |
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Term
| Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm |
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Definition
| People read list of words that are related to a critical word. People regularly will recall that critical word, and will often be confident that they heard it on the list. |
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Term
| false memories from interigation |
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Definition
false memories from integration
If people hear related and overlapping pieces of information, they will integrate it together. Memory is more likely to identify something that is closer to the integrated whole as being old than actually heard, smaller components. |
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Term
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Definition
| False memories implanted from an external source (intentional or unintentional). Self implantation and feedback: students viewed a film and then answered questions, knowing that the answered involved incorrect information. If the event is more plauable, it is more likely to be “remembered” or that the event actually occurred, when it actually did not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Implanted memories are more likely when people are encouraged to form mental images during recall attempts |
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Term
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Definition
| An altered state of consciousness involving a heightened state of co-operability and suggestibility; people differ in hypnotic susceptibility: low, medium and high susceptibility. |
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Term
| CC verbal overshadowing and revelation effect |
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Definition
They are both false memories through normal memory use.
Verbal Overshadowing: if people provide a description of a scene they witness, then memory will be worse compared to if nothing was said; occurs for both things described and not. When we talk about things we have seen, our memories can be changed by the verbalization.
Revelation effect: people are more likely to say that something is old (in memory) if it is revealed slowly. The revealing process produces a feeling of familiarity. Misrecognize new information as old if the information is revelaed graudually rather than all at once. It can also occur when people make frequency judgements in addition to simple recognition judgements. |
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Term
| What are the four different types of information people use to evaluate the source of a memory? |
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Definition
1) perceptual detail
2) contextual information
3) semantic detail/ affective information
4) cognitive operations |
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Term
| What are the three types of source monitoring? |
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Definition
1) Internal source monitoring
Differentiating between thought and action. Ex: what was thought about or actually said. Events a person thought about doing versus events she actually did.
2) external source monitoring
Differentiating between external sources; perceptually similar sources are harder to discriminate
3) Reality Monitoring
Distinguishing between externally and internally generated memories. Breaks down as cognitive operations becomes harder to process. The more elaborate processing that is used to generate information, the more likely it will be to identified as internal and visa versa. |
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Term
| What are two consequences of problems with source monitoring? |
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Definition
1) more generated information is mistaken for real than visa versa. Repeated memory retrievals of imagined info may introduce more perceptionlike qualities to the memory. Any given memory can seem like something that actually append
2) source monitoring is a decision making process; people set detection thresholds and biases based on a variety of factors
Errors can lead to: errors in eye witness testimony and cryptomnesia |
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Term
| when does the sleeper effect occur |
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Definition
D. When does the sleeper effect occur?
Occurs when people are given some source of propaganda with high credibility or low credibility. Occurs when people store both the content of the information message and the source information. As time passes, the content information is better remembered than the source. |
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Term
| What is the likely influence of hypnosis on memory? |
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Definition
| Tendency to recall more information, especially true of high susceptibility people. Hypothesized people are very confident about new information they recall, however most new information is wrong. Additional accurate recalls can be attributed by hypermnesia. Hypnotized people are trying to co-operate with the hypnotist (when they are asked for more information, they report more). People under hypnosis adopt a liberal response bias, reporting things they would normally not consider accurate. |
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Term
| What are the consequences of verbal overshadowing? |
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Definition
Suggested that verbalizing may alter the recognition process and make people more conservative in their memory judgments, since it is less likely to occur when people are forced to make a choice between several alternatives.
Verbal overshadowing can influence the types of information that are sought after during memory retrieval. In this case, there is a shift from visual to verbal info. |
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Term
| When does the revelation effect occur? |
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Definition
| More likely to both recognize old information as old and to misrecognize new information as old if the information is revealed gradually rather than all at once. Occur when people make frequency judgments in addition to simple judgments. It only occurs when people think they are remembering a prior episode. |
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