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| the study of the organization, function and evolution of genomes |
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-developed in 1970s
-uses four separate chemical reactions using radioactive isotopes, one for each base. The fragments generated by these reactions are separated by sixe n four adjacent lanes in a gel, read from the bottom up
-useful for sequencing small amount, but is labor-intensive
-needed new tech to sequence entire genome. |
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-refined, only one chem reaction needed
-each base, new dye
-used DNA sequencers to scan the bases, high speed |
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the use of computers and software to acquire, store, analyze, and visualize the information from genomics.
-includes:
-Comparative genomics which compares the genomes of different species to look for clues to the evolutionary history of genes or a species
-structural genomics derives 3-D structures for proteins
-pharmacogenomics analyzes genes and proteins to identify targets for therapeutic drugs |
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a method of genomic sequencing that begins with genetic and physical maps and sequences clones after they have been placed in order
-cut in pieces by restriction enzymes,and a genomic library is made
-overlapping fragments help to organize the clones into genetic and physical maps
-then each clone is sequenced and software assembles the sequence into a genomic sequence
-used by gov sponsored group headed by Francis Collins
- 1990-1998
-finished months after Venter |
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Term
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a method of genomic sequencing that selects clones at random from a genomic library and after sequencing them, assembles the genome sequence by using software analysis
-no genetic or physical maps are created
-restriction enzymes are cut at different sites, several libraries containing overlapping fragments are created. Clones are selected at random from each library and sequenced. software detects overlaps in libraries and organizes the info into a genomic library.
-used in 1999 by privately funded Celera Corp, led by J Craig Venter.
-finished sequencing faster |
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| highly dense region, difficult to sequence, will be a couple more years |
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| the analysis of genomic sequence data to identify the protein-coding genes, the non-protein-coding genes, their tegulatory sequences and their functions |
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| the codons in a gene that encode the amino acids of the gene product |
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| What have we learned from Human Genome Project? |
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Definition
-only 5% of genome encodes for genetic info
-genes not distributed equally along chromosomes, gene-rich clusters vs gene poor regions
-not all genes have been identified
-more types of proteins than genes
-human genome is similar to animal genomes- 90% similarities with mouse
-mutations in a single gene can yield difference genetic disorders, depending on how gene is affected |
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| the study of all the proteins present in a cell at a specific time |
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| disease causing agents; virus, bacteria, fungi and parasites |
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| Three levels of defense to infection |
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Definition
1. the skin
2.non-specific responses such as inflammation; designed to block entry of disease causing agents and block the spread of infection in body
3. specific responses like an immune reaction; has two possibilities, antibody mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity, responsible for monitoring blood and organ transplants |
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| a chemical defense system that kills microorganisms directly, supplements the inflammatory response and works with the immune system |
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a chemical signal produced by mast cells that triggers dilation of blood vessels
-triggered during a non-specific response of inflammatory reaction. cells infected by microorganisms release chemical signals, which often include histamine
-it increases blood flow to the area, heat, which is unfavorable conditions for infection growth. This attracts the white blood cells which aid in healing.
if the infection persists, it will swell, scab and specific white blood cells, like microphages are recruited to destroy invading bacteria |
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The body's reaction to invading microorganisms, a non specific active defense mechanism that the body employs to resist infection.
-mutations in genes that encode proteins in this reaction result in inflammatory disease |
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has two components: the anti-body mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
-more specific, has a memory component, allows a faster response to pathogen upon second exposure. |
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| white blood cells that originate in bone marrow and mediate the immune response |
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a type of lymphocyte that is formed from stem cells and matures in the bone marrow and mediates antibody-directed immunity
-as it matures, is programmed to produce large amounts of antibodies (proteins)
-each individual B cell only makes one type of antibody, paired with a unique TCRs, there are billions of possible combinations |
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a type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and mediates cellular immunity
-T cell receptors are produced by T cells in thymus
-mature T cells circulate in the blood and concentrate in the lymph nodes and the spleen |
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| cells in bone marrow that produce lymphocytes by mitotic division |
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a class of proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign molecules, antigens, and inactivate them
-are y shaped protein molecules that bind to specific antigens in a lock-and-key manner to form an antigen-antibody complex
-are secreted by effector cells or on surface of B cells
-goal is to recognize and bind an antigen and inactivate it |
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| Molecules carried or produced by microorganisms that initiate antibody production |
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| Unique proteins on the surface of T cells that bind to specific proteins on the surface of cells infected with viruses, bacteria or intracellular parasites. |
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| Anti-body mediated immunity |
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Definition
Immune reaction that protects primarily against invading viruses, and bacteria using antibodies produced by plasma cells
-Several stages: antigen detection, activation of helper T cells and antibody production by B cells.
-A B cell, with antibodies displayed, wanders, searching for nonself molecules. When it finds an antigen, the antigen binds to the surface antibody, is internalized and partially destroyed. Fragments of antigen move to outer surface of B cell and the B cell becomes an antigen presenting cell.
-This cell encounters a helper T cell. TCRs make contact with antigen fragment on membrane and activate the T cell. The T cell then activates the B cells that make the antibody to fight the antigen encountered.
-The activated B cells form effector cells and memory B cells |
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| Immune reaction mediated by T cells directed against body cells that have been infected by viruses or bacteria |
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a lymphocyte that stimulates the production of antibodies by B cells when an antigen is present and stimulates division of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
-Connects the cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity systems
-can kill cells in the body if they become cancerous |
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| Daughter cells of B cells, which synthesize and secrete 2000-20000 antibody molecules per second into the bloodstream |
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a long-lived B cell produced after exposure to an antigen that plays an important role in secondary immunity
-life span of months or years |
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| the five classes of proteins to which antibodies belong |
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| found on surface of B cells and in plasma, first immunoglobin produced by B cells, largest |
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| found in body fluids, tears, breast milk, digestive fluid, spit |
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| allergies and parasitic response |
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| can cross placenta, most abundant |
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| slow down or stop the immune response of B cells and other T cells |
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| destroy body cells infected by viruses or bacteria. They can also viruses, cancer cells, bacteria and cells of transplanted organs directly. |
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Definition
| stimulates the production of memory cells against a disease causing agent. it is a weakened, disease causing antigen, given orally or by injection, that provokes a primary immune response and the production of memory cells. a second dose is called a booster shot. Made from Killed or Weakened strains (attenuated) that stimulate the immune system but do not produce life threatening symptoms |
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| organ transplant between species |
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antigens that provoke an inappropriate immune response, a weak antigen
-develop after a first exposure
-cause B cells to make IgE instead of IgG
-attach to mast cells and cause release of histamine |
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Definition
a severe allergic response in which histamine is released in the circulatory system
-prompt response with antihistamines, epi pen or steroids needed to prevent death |
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| x linked agammaglobulinemia |
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Definition
a rare sex linked recessive trait characterized by the total absence of immunoglobulins and B cells
-no bursa-like |
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Definition
| a genetic disorder where there is no immune response, both the cell mediated (T Cells) and anti-body mediated (B cells) responses are missing |
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