Term
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Definition
| The average North American newborn measures about _______ and weighs about ________ |
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Definition
| Infants typically double their birth weight by the ____ month and triple it by the end of the ___ year. |
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Definition
| By age ___ body weight has increased to an average of ___ pounds. |
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Definition
| Body length has increased to between ______ inches, half of their adult height! |
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Term
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Definition
| a average or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group of population; also a guy at "Cheers" |
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Term
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Definition
| a point on a raking scale of 0 to 100; the 50th is the midpoint; half the people in the population rank higher and half rank lower |
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Term
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Definition
the phenomenon by which the brain continues to grow even though the body stops growing; very noticable in children; must be aware of malnutrition
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Term
| first signs of malnutrition |
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Definition
- reduced birth weight
- stunted height
- slow growth of the head
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ correlates with maturation of the brain, learning, emotional regulation, and psychological adjustment in school and within the family. |
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Term
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Definition
| The average newborn sleeps about ___ hours or more a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Approximately ___% of one year olds sleep through the night. |
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Term
| REM sleep-rapid eye movement |
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Definition
-this is the good sleep, when you feel rested
- not all sleep is this
- brain waves are fairly rapid = dreams
- decreases over the first months as does the dozing stage called transitional sleep |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- every aspect of physiological development is influenced by both
- early brain development is a excellent example of this |
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Term
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Definition
- the newborn's brain contains far more than it will ever need
- 70% are in the cortex
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Term
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Definition
| Each neuron consists of a single ____ but many ______. |
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Term
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Definition
- how neurons communicate with one another
- where the axons of one neuron meet- but does not touch- the dendrites of other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| As the neural impulse is generated, chemicals called ______ carry info form the axon of the sending neuron across the synaptic gap to the dendrites of the recieving neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| dendrites show an estimated fivefold increase in density within the cortex form birth to age 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| brain functions that require basic common experiences to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| brain functions that depend on particular and variable experiences in order to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that personality, intellect, habits, and emotions change throughout life for a combination of reasons |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered that the brains of rats who were raised in stimulating environments were better developed, with more dendrite branching, than the brains of rats raised in barren environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies raised in loving environments who's family are able to feed, educate, and parent in countless ways, will develop more _____! |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of a stimulus; this is apparent at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| making sense of that stimulus; comes a bit later because it requires experience |
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Term
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Definition
| one step beyond perception |
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Term
| see; hear; smell; taste; touch |
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Definition
| Newborns can ___, ____, ___, ___, and respond to ____. |
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Term
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Definition
- in the newborn is quite acute
- young infants are particularly attentive to the human voice
- they can also distinguish patterns of sounds and syllables |
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Term
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Definition
newborns can focus on objects __ to ___ inches away
(vision) |
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Term
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Definition
| With increasing maturity of the ________, focusing improves and scanning is more organized, efficient, and centered. |
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Term
| social interaction; comfort |
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Definition
| the infant's early sensory abilities seem organized for two goals |
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Term
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Definition
| The most visible and dramatic body changes of infancy involve _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| begins in normal newborns even before the umbilical cord is cut |
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Term
| hiccups; sneezing; thrashing |
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Definition
| Other reflexive behaviors that maintain the oxygen supply are _____, ______, and ________. |
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Term
| shivering; crying; tucking the legs close to body |
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Definition
| ______, ______, and _______ are examples of reflexes that help to maintain body temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of the newborn to nurse anything that touches the lips |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of newborns to turn their heads and start to suck when something brushes against their cheek |
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Term
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Definition
| Between ______ months, most infants are crawling. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The average child can walk with assistance at ___ months, stand alone momentarily at ___ months, and walk well unassisted at ___ months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Babies who can walk are referred to as ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| such as grasping and holding a toy |
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Term
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Definition
| By age ___ months babies can reach for, grab at, and hold onto almost any object of the right size. |
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Term
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Definition
| a key factor in reducing the childhood death rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Today in the healthiest nations, such as Japan, France, and the Netherlands, fewer than __________ children who survive birth die before age ___. |
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Term
SIDS
(Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) |
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Definition
| a key factor is ethnic background |
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Term
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Definition
| In ethnically diverse nations, babies of _______ descent are more likely, and babies of ______ descent are less likely , to succumb to SIDS than babies of ______ descent. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ethnic groups with a low incidence of SIDS, babies are put to sleep on their ______. |
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Term
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Definition
- high calories, sterile, at body temperature
- provides the infant with immunity to any disease the mother has already had or been inoculated against
- helps prevent almost every infant illness and allergy
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Term
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Definition
| Breast milk contains more vitamin ___ and vitamin ___ and ____ than cow's or goat's milk; and is more ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| In infancy the most serious problem occurs when the baby is not getting enough ___ of any kind. |
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Term
1) their brains may not develop normally
2) they may have no body reserves to protect them against diseases
3) they may develop the disease such as marasmus and kwashiorkor |
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Definition
| chronically malnourished infants suffer in 3 ways... |
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Term
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Definition
| Central to _____ theory is the idea that infants are ____ participants in their cognitive development. |
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Term
| assimilation and accommodation |
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Definition
| adaptation occurs in two ways... |
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Term
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Definition
| new info into exsisting mental categories (schemas) |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustment of existing schemas to fit new info |
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Term
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Definition
The newborn's ______ represent its only way of gaining knowledge about the world.
(which stage is it?) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 to 4 months; this stage begins when the infant starts to adapt its reflexes to the environment and to coordinate action (grabbing a bottle to suck it) |
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Term
| primary circular reactions |
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Definition
| the name for stage one and two |
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Term
| Stage 3: Making Interesting Sights |
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Definition
| 4 to 8 months; infants become more responsive to people and objects in the environment as they learn to repeat specific actions that have elicited pleasing responses |
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Term
| Stage four: New Adaptation and Anticipation |
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Definition
| 8 to 12 months; infants become more purposeful in responding to people and objects, anticipating events, and engaging in goal-directed behavior; secondary circular reactions |
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Term
| Stage five: New Means Through Active Experimentation |
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Definition
| 12 to 18 months; Little Scientists, children become more active and creative in their explorations of, and trial and error experimentation with, the environment |
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Term
| Stage six: New Means Through Mental Experimentation |
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Definition
| 18 to 24 months; by using mental combinations, toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems without resorting to trial and error experimentation. this skill enables the toddler to remember much better, to anticipate future events, to pretend, and use differed imitation |
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Term
| tertiary circular reactions |
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Definition
| what stages five and six are called... |
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Term
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Definition
| a major cognitive accomplishment of infancy is the ability to understand that objects exist independently of one's perception of them; does not develop until about ___ months according to Piaget (stage 4) |
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Term
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Definition
| Experiments have shown that infants as young as ____ months old have some concept of object permanence. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ and _____ are being used by researchers to investigate infant cognitive development. |
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Term
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Definition
-models cognition on how computers analyze data
- this is a belief or concept that the brain behaves much like a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| which is analogous to computer input; part of the information-processing theory |
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Term
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Definition
| which is analogous to storage and output; part of the information-processing theory |
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Term
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(fMRI) |
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Definition
| measures the brain's electrical excitement indicates anywhere in the brain |
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Term
- developmental level and past experiences
- their present needs and motivations
- their sensory awareness of what that object might be used for
Example: a visual cliff |
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Definition
| Affordances - how people perceive a given object depends on their... |
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Term
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Definition
| Researches once believed that perception of a ________ was solely the result of visual maturity. However, later studies show that even 3-month-old infants notice the difference between a solid surface and an apparent drop off, as evidenced by changes in their heart rate and eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| infants perception is primed to focus on movement and change |
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Term
1) dynamic perception
2) infants are fascinated by other people |
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Definition
| Two universal principles of infant perception |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies show that infants spend more time looking at _____ faces. |
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Term
| memory; short-term memory |
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Definition
| Research has shown that under the right conditions infant _____ is much more developed than was once believed, especially __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ storage and retrieval of memories appears to be fragile and uncertain, they are facilitated by repetition, reminders, and active involvement of the infant. |
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Term
1) using situations that are similar to real life
2) ensuring that the infant's motivation is high
3) providing memory-priming retrieval cues |
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Definition
| three ways to improve infant memory |
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Term
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Definition
| After __ months, infants become capable of retaining info for longer periods of time with less training or reminding. |
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Term
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Definition
| By the ______ year, toddlers are able to remember and reenact more complex sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants are well-equipped to learn _____ from birth, partly due to brain readiness and partly because of their auditory experiences during the final prenatal months. |
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Term
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Definition
| high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive speech used by adults in talking to infants; imitating mom's voice |
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Term
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Definition
| by 6 or 7 months babies begin to repeat certain syllables |
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Term
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Definition
| The average baby speaks a few words at about ___ year of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| when vocabulary reaches approximately 50 words, it suddenly begins to build rapidly, at a rate of 50 to 100 or more words a month |
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Term
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Definition
| one word sentences, occur about 1 year of age, the first two-word sentences at about 21 months |
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Term
| B. F. Skinner, behaviorist |
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Definition
| language is acquired through association and differential reinforcement of appropriate usage |
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Term
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Definition
| the human brain is uniquely equipped to learn language |
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Term
Language Acquisition Device
(LAD) |
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Definition
| allows children to learn quickly and effecticely; this is the reason children learn faster than adults and most children learn language at the same age regardless of language or culture |
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Term
Social Impules Foster Infant Language
or
Sociocultural Theory |
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Definition
- the reason for language is social to communicate
- newborns try to communicate anyway they can because humans are social beings, dependent on one another
- newborns look at faces and listen because they seed to respond to the emotional tone and not content - language is a social tool |
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Term
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Definition
| this approach takes into account the theories of behaviorism, inborn potential (Chomsky), and social impulses (Sociocultural) |
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Term
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Definition
| includes emotional development and social development; the traditional view of psychologists is that mothers are at the center of infant growth and development |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson's term for the first crisis of psychosocial development, in which the infant learns whether the world is essentially a secure place where basic needs are always met or an unpredictable arena where needs (for food and comfort) are sometimes unmet.
Example: "dog-eat-dog" |
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Term
| Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt |
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Definition
| Erikson's term for the second crisis of psychosocial development, in which toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies. |
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Term
| Parental guidance; protection |
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Definition
| __________ and ________ are the keys to the child's gaining a healty sense of autonomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants who fail to develop _____ or achieve ______ may become adults who are suspicious and pessimistic or who are burdened by shame. |
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Term
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Definition
peresonality is molded throught the processes of reinforcement and punishment of the child's various behaviors
Example: a child's tendency to imitate the personality traits of their parents |
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Term
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Definition
- a person's thoughts and values determine his or her perspective on the world
- infants use their early relationships to build a working model that becomes a frame of reference for organizing perceptions and experiences |
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Term
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Definition
- each infant is born with a genetic predisposition to develop certain traits
- however, change is possible, because genes permit selective adaptation to the environmnet |
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Term
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Definition
- individual differences in emotions, activity, and self-control
- infants are born with distinct __________ that is genetic in origin and affect personality
- however, it evolves and changes over time
- does not equal personality |
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Term
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Definition
Infants come into the world equipped with basic social predispositions and skills that contribute to their growth and development. Before children begin the process of learning how walk and talk they have a smaller range of emotions than later, as they grow greater mobility coincides with more emotion.
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Term
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Definition
| The first emotions in infants are ______ and ______ other emotions include curiosity, pleasure, and anger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smiles of pleasure appear during the _____ days of life; social smiles begin at appear at about ___ weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fully formed fear emerges at about ___ months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stranger wariness emerges at __ to __ months. |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of abandonment which is obvious at 9 to 14 months; a learned behavior form mom/parents |
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Term
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Definition
| During the _____ year, anger and fear typically decrease and become more targeted toward specific things. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emotions of pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt become apparent. These emotions require an awareness of what other people might be thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
- makes possible many new (higher) emotions including confidence, shame, guilt, pride, and embarrassment
- also enables toddlers to be self-critical and to react with pride at their good deeds and shame at their misdeeds
- allows them to correct themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognizing themselves in the mirror between __ and __ months |
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Term
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Definition
| All emotions, particularly _____ and ______, show some cultural as well as familial variation. |
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Term
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Definition
- coordination or interactions between infant and caregiver
- each partner giving vocal and gesture cues to the other
- helps infant learn to read other people's emotions and to develop some of the basic skills of social interaction
- infants learn to express their own feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| the infant derives comfort and confidence form the caregiver; in this type of attachment, the caregiver acts as a safe base for exploration |
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Term
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Definition
| little interaction with their caregiver and show no apparent distress when she leaves |
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Term
| insecure-resistant/ambivalent |
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Definition
| both resisting and seeking a contact; a inconsistent mixture of behavior toward their caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| child tries to avoid any connection with another; as an infant who is uninterested in the caregiver's presence or departure and ignores the caregiver on reunion |
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Term
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Definition
| it is neither secure nor insecure but is marked by the child's and caregiver's inconsistent behavior toward each other |
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Term
| personality; social development |
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Definition
| secure attachment aids both ________ and ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Attachment does not necessarily determine future _____ development because attachment status can change, either for the better or worse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants are _____ partners in the attachment process, trying to find an adaptive response to the care they receive. |
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Term
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Definition
- when the emotional expressions of others begin to assume new meaning
- they look to trusted adults for emotional cues in uncertain situations
- this becomes inportant as crawling and walking increase infant's mobility |
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Term
- the mothers are insensitive
- the day care quality is poor
- the infant is in day care more than 20 hrs/wk |
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Definition
| day care is detrimental only when... |
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Term
- there is adequate attention to each infant
- there is encouragement of sensory-motor exploration and language development
- there is attention to health and safety
- there is well trained and professional caregivers |
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Definition
| day care is high quality when... |
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