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| Social-Cognitive learning theorists argue that the difference between people and animals is the occurrence of... |
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| What approach examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes? |
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| traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents. |
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| Psychoanalyst _____ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in theory of psychosocial development. |
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| When an investigator typically devises two different conditions and then studies and compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions in order to see how behavior is affected, this is call a(n)... |
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| Piaget's view assumes that thinking undergoes ____ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by ____ advantages. |
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| qualitative; quantitative |
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| What is the name of the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data? |
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| Professor Smythe wants to conduct a study in a virtual charter school. She wants to examine and describe the comparative differences on cognitive development in students attending the virtual charter school with students attending more traditional schools. Ultimately, she plans to describe what, if any, changes are occurring, and why the changes create social difficulty. This is an example of what type of research? |
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| What type of research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge? |
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| Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development? |
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| Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected? |
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| The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on |
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| Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of, and help us understand the importance of culture's influence on development? |
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| Researchers conduct an experiment in which one group is exposed to Treatment A and the other group is exposed to Treatment B. The treatments are the... |
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| In _________ research, the researcher can tell if an association or relationship between two factors exists. |
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| When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called |
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| Sociocultural-graded influences |
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| When the behavior of one or more study participants is measured as they age, this is called ________ research. |
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| What technique ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome of the experiment are divided proportionally among the participants in the different groups, making groups equivalent? |
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| Erikson's psychosocial theory of development proposes ________ distinct stages. |
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| Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called _________ change. |
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| How many weeks are there from the last menstrual period to birth? |
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| The most critical stage in pre-natal development, when the developing child is most susceptible to teratogens, is: |
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| __________ of couples suffer from infertility, the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant. |
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| In what part of the female reproductive system does fertilization take place? |
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| The sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception are called |
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| Treatments for infertility exist. Which of the following is a recognized treatment for infertility? |
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- Artificial Insemination
- In Vitro Fertilization
- Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
D) All of the above (ANSWER) |
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| Agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development and birth defects. |
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| Human life begins with a single fertilized cell. What is this first cell called? |
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| If mothers with AIDS are treated with antiviral drugs, less than ____% of infants are born with the disease. |
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| Which one of the following is not a postnatal adjustment. |
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| Most babies can begin to eat solid foods at about _______. |
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| Eight-month-old Kimberly responds to her first plum by rolling it around her high chair tray as if it were her red rubber ball. This demonstrates the Piagetian process of |
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| With each new object, infants make minor changes in their schemes through |
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| What is Jean Piaget's first stage of cognitive development? |
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| Imitation of a person who is no longer present demonstrates the attainment of _____________________. |
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| Principle that states that growth follows a head-to-tail pattern |
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| At birth, our heads are _________ the size of the rest of our bodies. |
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| A disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep is called |
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| First words are spoken generally around |
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| The average newborn sleeps |
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| Nutritional needs change during the preschool period because |
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| The growth rate slows so children need less food |
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| According to research, the two hemispheres of the brain |
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| Preoperational children tend to concentrate on only one thing at a time and ignore other aspects of the situation. This limitation is called: |
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| A key aspect of preoperational thought is |
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| The belief that people are permanently male or female due to unchangeable biological factors is termed |
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| The Erikson period in which children experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of the action is termed |
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| Preschoolers tend to ____ their skills and knowledge. |
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| The set of beliefs about ourselves as individuals is called |
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| Individualistic cultures value |
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- personal identity
- uniqueness
- competition
- independence
E) all of the above (ANSWER) |
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| By what age can a child distinguish between races and begin to understand the significance that society places on racial membership? |
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| Joy is receiving treatment for childhood depression. She is most likely receiving |
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| According to Carol Gilligan, what is the highest level of moral reasoning? |
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| What is the most-liked behavior that children note in their friends? |
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| Ten-year-old Judy is popular in school and has a good sense of humor. She volunteers to help read to younger peers, and understands how others feel. She is high in |
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| ______________ is an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented); whereas ______________ reflects beliefs and |
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| self-esteem; self-concept |
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| According to Erikson, from roughly ages 6 to 12 children go through the period characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. This stage is called |
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| According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, what stage reflects a person's use of moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society? |
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| postconventional morality |
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| According to Wechsler, what is the term for the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges? |
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| Some developmentalists suggest that two kinds of intelligence exist. What is the term for the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations? |
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| Crystallized intelligence |
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| A group of people born at around the same time in the same place |
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| What is a critical period? |
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| A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of a certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally. |
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| What is a sensitive period? |
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| A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. |
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| What are Piaget's two principles of growth? |
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| Assimilation and accommodation |
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| the process in which people understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and existing ways of thinking. |
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| The changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli and events. |
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| How many genes does each person possess? |
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| How many chromosomes does a person possess? |
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| What are monozygotic twins? |
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| Twins that are genetically identical |
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| What are Dizygotic twins? |
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| Two separate sperm fertilizing two separate ova. As genetically identical as siblings from separate births. |
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| What is the duration of pregnancy in days? |
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| What are the 3 stages of labor? |
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1. Labor: contractions grow more intense (called transition). typically lasts 16-24 hours.
2. Birth: Typically lasts 90 minutes. Baby moves through the canal and out.
3. Placenta and umbilical cord are expelled from the mother. lasts just a few minutes. |
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| An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass. |
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| What is another name for "false labor"? |
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| Braxton-Hicks Contractions. |
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| When does false labor sometimes occurring begin? |
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| A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns. |
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| A restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce cognitive defects. |
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| Thick greasy substance that covers the newborn and smoothes the passage down the birth canal. |
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| Fine dark fuzz that covers the newborns body, soon disappears. |
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| What is the proximodistal principle? |
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| Development proceeds from the center of the body outward |
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| what is the principle of hierarchal integration? |
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Definition
| Simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills. |
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| What is the principle of the independence of systems? |
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| different body systems grow at different rates. |
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| What is synaptic pruning? |
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| the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation. |
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| What is Piaget's definition of scheme? |
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| Organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with mental functioning. |
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Definition
| certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other. |
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| What is the cycle of violence hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Theory that abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children. |
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| What is the zone of proximal development? |
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| According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent. |
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