Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to ________________.
Definition
psychosocial
Term
Name Freud's psychosexual stages:
Definition
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
Term
Name Erikson's Psychosocial Stages:
Definition
1. Trust vs Mistrust: Can I trust the world?
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt:Is it ok to be me?
3. Initiative vs Guilt:Is it ok for me to move, do and Act?
4. Industry vs Inferiority:Can I make in the world of ppl & things?
5. Identity vs Role Confusion:Who am I? What can I be?
6. Intimacy vs Isolation:Can I love?
7. Generativity vs Stagnation:Can I make my life count?
8. Ego Integrity vs Despair:Reflection on life
Term
Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist. What do Ego Psychologists believe in?
Definition
Man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
Term
True or False? many scholars do not believe Freud's psychosexaul stages of development encompassed the entire lifespan.
Definition
True. (Scholars find it difficult to believe that a crisis at age 12 (where Freud's stages stop) remians a central issue throughout the lifespan.
Term
Who is known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially college students?
Definition
William Perry
Term
Describe the concept stressed by William Perry known as dualistic thinking.
Definition
Common to teens. Things are conceptualized or thought of as good or bad, right or wrong, "black and white thinking.
Term
What is relativistic thinking?
Definition
The ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong, but answers are relative to the situation.
Term
Who is known for a model of adult cognitive development that stresses interpesonal development and is also billed as a "constructive model of development"?
Definition
Robert Kegan
Term
What are Piaget's 4 stages of development in the correct order?
Definition
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperations
3. Concrete Operations
4. Formal Operations
Term
What was Piaget adamant about regarding the stages of development?
Definition
That the stages of development he proposes remain the same regardless of culture, although th ages of individuals can vary.
Term
Who created the first intelligence test?
Definition
Alfred Benet
Term
Why were some behavioral scientists critical of Piaget's research on human development?
Definition
He often times used his own children and created hypotheses from those observations.
Term
In Piaget's theroy, the concept that a substance's weight, mass, and vloume stay the same even if the shape changes is known as the concept of what?
Definition
conservation
Term
According to Piaget, at what age does a child master conservation?
Definition
Between the ages of 7-11
Term
Mastering conservation occurs in which stage of development in Piaget's model?
Definition
Concrete operational
Term
In Piaget's theory, what is a cognitive structure that grows with life experience?
Definition
symbolic schema
Term
According to David Elkind and Piaget, what aspect is of conservation is learned first, second, and third?
Definition
1. mass
2. weight
3. volume
Remember this pneumonic: MV with the W squeezed in between. (most valuable player--M comes before V)
Term
In conflict with Piaget's theory of development, how did Lev Vygotsky believed developmental stages unfolded?
Definition
He believed they did NOT unfold naturally, but due to educational intervention instead.
Term
Maslow, Kohlberg, and Piaget all believed that stages of development were epigenetic. If development is epigenetic, what does that mean?
Definition
Each stage emerges from the one before it, follows a given order and is systematic.
Term
In Piaget's thoery of development,when does a child master ther concept of reversibility?
Definition
The 3rd stage (concrete operational)
Term
What are Lawrence Kohlberg's 3 levels of morality?
Definition
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
Term
In the field of psychology and counseling, what does RSstand for?
Definition
religious and spiritual
Term
Who coined the term positive psychology and what does it mean?
Definition
Abraham Maslow; study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, happiness, altruism, and the ability to love.
Term
In Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage, what does a child respond to?
Definition
consequences; reward and punishment greatly influence behavior
Term
In Kohlberg's Conventional stage, what drive the individual?
Definition
The drive to meet the standard of family, society, and even the nation.
Term
In Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage, what drive and defines and individual?
Definition
**Kohlberg felt that most individuals never reach this stage he described as self-accepted morality.
In this stage, individuals are concerned with the universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality.
Term
Who pioneered the zone of proximal development and what does it describe?
Definition
Proximal development describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus what he or she is capable of with a teacher.
Term
John Bowlby's name is most closely assocaited withwhat concept?
Definition
Bonding and attachment
Term
For what was Arnold Gesell most noted?
Definition
Gesell was a pioneer in "terms using a one-way mirror to observe children"
Term
What did John Bowlby feel had to happen in order for a child to lead a normal social life?
Definition
A child must bond with an adult before age 3.
Term
In the thinking of Bowlby, what is said to be the breeding ground for psychopathology?
Definition
Object loss (the premature severing of the bond to an adult)
Term
What did Mahler call the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker?
Definition
symbiosis; difficulties in this relationship can result in adult psychosis
Term
When one thinks of a midlife crisis, what Eriksonian stage od development should come to mind?
Definition
generativity versus stagnation (ages 35-45)
Term
What is Harry Harlow known for?
Definition
His work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys.
Term
Building on the work of Harry Harlow, whose research helped prove that maternal isolation and deprivation can caused adverse physical and emotional issues in man by observing children reared in impersonal instituations?
Definition
Rene Spitz
Term
What is anaclitic depression?
Definition
A term coined by Rene Spitz to describe the state of children who suffered maternal isolation and deprivation.
Term
What developmental stage focuses on sharing your life with another person?
Definition
Erikson's Intimacy versus Isolation (ages 23-34)
Term
What individuals are more likely to try to conform to his or her peers?
Definition
adolescents
Term
True or false? In adolescence, males committ suicide more often than females, BUT females attempt suicide more often than males.
Definition
TRUE: as a matter of fact, males committ suicide more often than females across age spans.
Term
True or false? Suicide rates tends to increase with age.
Definition
TRUE
Term
True or False? MMPI-2 and Rorschach are test that are good predictors of suicide.
Definition
FALSE: Test profiles of suicidal individuals are usually NOT discernable from nonsuicidal individuals.
Term
When is the fear of death the greatest?
Definition
Middle age
Term
What Freudian developmental stage is the ONLY one not primarily psychosexual in nature?
Definition
Latency Stage; Sexual interests are replaced with social interests (sports, learning, and hobbies)
Term
What did Stanley Cooersmith discover with his research on child-rearing?
Definition
That child rearing methods have a tremendous impact on self esteem that children with high self esteem were punished jsut as often as children with low self esteem. The difference was children with high self esteem were givan a clear understanding of what was moraaly right and wrong, had more rules, and generally had parents that were more democratic and open to listening to a child.
Term
What are the stages in each of Kohlberg's levels of moral development?
Definition
Preconventional: Stage 1-Punishment/obedience
2- Naive hedonism or egotistic
Conventional: 3- Good boy/Good girl orientation
4- Authority, Order, & Law Orientation
Post-Conventional: 5-Democractically Accepted Law or Social Contract
6- Principles of Self-Conscience and Universal Ethics
Term
What are thoerists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes?
Definition
Empiricists
Term
What is said to be the forerunner of behaviorism?
Definition
Empiricism (also known as associatism)
Term
Behavioristic empiricist researchers value _____________studies and emphasize the role of the ______________________.
Definition
statistical; envrionment
Term
Object permanence is associated with whic of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Definition
sensorimotor stage
Term
What does a child need in order to master object permanence?
Definition
representational thought
Term
What is the age range of sensorimotor stage?
Definition
Birth to 2 years
Term
What is ethology?
Definition
It concerns field research utilizing animals and is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz.
Term
What is comparative psychology?
Definition
Laboratory research using animals with attempts to generalize results to humans.
Term
What is Konrad Lorenz best known for?
Definition
His work on imprinting. He used goslings and himself as the first moving object. The geese followed him around instead of the mother goose due to imprinting.
Term
What occurs in Piaget's preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object while not noticing the rest of it?
Definition
Centration
Term
What theorists propsed stages similiar to Erikson's stages for developmental processes?
Definition
R.J. Havinghurst: he proposed the following "tasks"
1. Tasks for infants and early childhood
learning to walk and eat solid foods
2. tasks for middle childhood (6-12 yr old)
learning to get along with peers and a conscience
3. Tasks of adolescence (12-18 yrs old)
preparing for marriage and economic career
4. Tasks of Early adulthood (19-30 yrs old)
selecting a mate and starting a family
5. Tasks of middle age (30-60 yrs old)
assisting teen children to become responsible adults
6. Tasks of later maturity (60 + yrs old)
dealing with death of spouse and retirement
Term
What is the sequence to object loss when an attachment is prematurely broken?
Definition
Protest to Despair to Detachment
Term
What is the term used to refer to competition between siblings?
Definition
Sibling Rivalry
Term
What is the term used to describe a psychoanalytic concept where a child witnesses his or her parents having sex or is seduced by a parent later leading to neuroses?
Definition
primal scene
Term
What is the state of identity crisis?
Definition
When an adolescent is unable to integrate all of his or her previous roles into a single self concept
Term
Why has elementary school conuseling been slow to develop?
Definition
1: Most poeple felt believed that school teachers could double as counselors
2: Counseling was thought as only applying to vocational issues
3:Secondary schools used social workers and psychologists who would intervene if emotional problems were still an issue as a child got older.
Term
What does the term generativity refer to in Erikson's middle age stage of development?
Definition
The ability to do creative work and/or raise a family and the productive ability to create a career, a family, and leisure time.
Term
Seonsorimotor is to Piaget as Oral is to Freud as ________ is to Erikson.
Definition
trust v/s mistrust
Term
What are play therapy and art therapy sometimes preferable to traditional counseling?
Definition
Cultural differences have less of an impact on these types of interventions.
Term
In counseling, what is the difference between a phobia and an anxiety reaction?
Definition
With an anxiety reaction, clients are unaware of the source of the fear.
Term
From where did Freud believe morality developed?
Definition
The superego
Term
What theorist compared man to wolves and baboons believeing that we are all naturally aggressive?
Definition
Konrad Lorenz
Term
Who has been called the Father of Guidance?
Definition
Frank Parsons: He set up centers in the early 1900's to help those in search of work.
Term
What did Piaget refer to as the act of taking in new information and what is the result of it?
Definition
Assimilation; accomodation
Term
In Piaget's world, what is the balance between assimilation and accomodation?
Definition
equilibrium
Term
What are ritualistic common to all members of a species?
Definition
fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli
Term
What is Robert Kegan referring to when he speaks of a "holding environment"?
Definition
The client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
Term
Kegan suggests what 6 stages of lifespan development?
Definition
1. incorporative
2. impulsive
3. imperial
4. interpersonal
5. institutional
6. interindividual
Term
What is it called when a person loses his or her identity?
Definition
deindividuation
Term
Piaget used the term “practical intelligence” to describe the essence of this stage. Which of the following answers correctly labels that stage?
Definition
Sensorimotor
Term
Arlene Vincent-Mark, 45, who ran the marathon in the Olympics, has quit her job of 12 years working for a sports marketing firm to start on her Ph.D. in international relations and development. According to Erickson, she is in which life-span stage?
Definition
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Term
Allport’s personality theory utilizes the term cardinal trait to mean
Definition
a dominant characteristic of the individual.
Term
If you take a colored sticker away from a child for each misspelled word during a writing assignment and the child starts making fewer spelling errors, you would be:
