Term
| Who said: I am a constructive theory. |
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Definition
| Both, Piaget and Vygotsky |
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Term
| Who said:boundaries of cognitive growth are established by societal influences. |
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Definition
| Both, Piaget and Vygotsky |
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Term
| Who said: development comes from action/doing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: Development comes input from surroundings and others. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: Development occurs in four evident phases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: development has no set stages. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: private speech or self-verbalization is essential for development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: children learn best in their zone of proximal development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: children are egocentric in their perspectives. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: having groups of mixes abilities is good. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: people learn through accommodating or assimilating their existing schemas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: disequilibrium is a stage of struggle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: language is essential to development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said: guided discovery learning is more beneficial for students. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Piagetian stage characterized by the ability to develop goal-directed behavior, means-end thinking, and object permanence. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of concrete operational thinking? |
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Definition
| ability to think abstractly |
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Term
| The ability to draw a logical inference based on the relationship between two statements or premises is known as what? |
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Definition
| hypothetico-deductive reasoning |
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Term
| Which of the following is true according to Vygotsky? |
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Definition
| knowledge is constructed between people as they interact |
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Term
| Vygotsky's term for the process of constructing an internal representation of external physical actions or mental operations is _______________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When adults break tasks into a set of subroutines that the child can successfully complete on his or her own, according to Vygotsky the adult is __________? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a defining characteristic of formal operational thinking? |
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Definition
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Term
| Children's first words most commonly refer to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vygotsky’s term that represents the gap between what children can do on their own and what they can do with the assistance of others. |
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Definition
| zone of proximal development |
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Term
| The process of changing existing schemata to fit new information. |
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Definition
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Term
| The understanding that an entity remains the same despite superficial changes in its form or physical appearance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of myelination is essential for processing information. What is also true about this process? |
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Definition
| it serves to insulate nerves |
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Term
| According to the cephalocaudal trend in physical development, an infant would first learn to control what part of his/her body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for the tendency of an infant to reach with his or her mouth when touched on the check? |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical developments is caused by |
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Definition
| a combination of biological and enviromental factors. |
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Term
| Which of the following senses is the LEAST developed at birth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Newborns show preference for sounds |
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Definition
| that match the tone of their parents. |
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Term
| A six-day-old infant sucks on a nipple in order to eat. A psychologist would NOT view this as the result of learning because |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the biggest physical change for children between the ages of 5 and 12? |
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Definition
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Term
| Puberty is the period of rapid development where individuals become capable of |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the proximodistal trend in physical development, an infant would first learn to control what part of his/her body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pruning is best described as |
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Definition
| disconnecting connections between neurons. |
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Term
| An Apgar score ranges from 0 to 10 to indicate |
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Definition
| newborn's overall general health |
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Term
| Heredity is to nature as the way we are raised is to |
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Definition
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Term
| Andropause is often compared to |
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Definition
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Term
| In which of the following activities will a student work on his gross motor skills? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which component of memory does active thinking take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Overlearning leads to automaticity, which makes it easier to move information into and out of the _______________ for active use more efficiently. |
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Definition
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Term
| Information comes from the outside world into the ________ ________ in the human brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The information processing system has ______ filters. |
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Definition
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Term
| Our working memory has a very limited capacity - we can attend to only about ________ items at a time. |
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Definition
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Term
| One advantage of long-term memory is that we do not have to |
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Definition
| rehearse information to keep it in storage. |
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Term
| What is the term used when we actively focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of other stimuli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Knowledge about one's own learning or about how to learn (thinking about thinking) is called |
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Definition
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Term
| A major goal of education is to help learners store information in ________ memory and to use that information on later occasions in order to effectively solve problems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Skills that can be applied without conscious thought are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is FALSE regarding the cognitive-psychological approach to learning? |
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Definition
| people are generally passive learners |
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Term
| What is the term used to describe the tendency to analyze oneself and one's own thoughts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Comprehension should precede memorization so one of the best strategies for helping your students learn their material is to make it: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "expert" problem solving? |
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Definition
| Experts have misconceptions or intuitive notions about a subject. |
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Term
| Which of the following is FLASE regarding the sensory memory ? |
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Definition
| The sensory register holds information for a long period of time although it is sometimes difficult to access. |
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Term
| Authoritative parents tend to have children who: |
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Definition
| show self-reliance and self-control. |
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Term
Parents who set firm rules for their children, without explaining why those rules are good, and
who tend to be cold and distant to their children, are known as ______ parents. |
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Definition
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Term
| A permissive parent often wants to be seen as the_______. |
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Definition
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Term
Parents who have high expectations and impose firm controls, yet are also warm and responsive to their
children, are known as ______ parents. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Kohlberg measure moral reasoning? |
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Definition
| by the reasons a person gives for a decision about moral dilemmas. |
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Term
| Individuals who are focused on the punishment or rewards of their behavior are considered by Kohlberg to be in the preconventional level of morality. True of false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory? |
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Definition
| he only researched on men |
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Term
| Joe says he doesn't want to skip school because it's against the rules. At which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development would he be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sandy is tempted to steal some money. She thinks that she can probably do it without getting caught, but then she realizes that this is a violation of the Ten Commandments, and so she decides not to steal it. At what stage is Sandy reasoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tony is trying to select a candidate to vote for in the election. He notices that the candidate favors permitting federal funds to be used for abortions. Tony disagrees with this position, because he feels that life is sacred from the moment of conception. At what stage is Tony reasoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Harold is trying to select a candidate to vote for in the election. He notices that the candidate opposes permitting federal funds to be used for abortions. Harold disagrees with this position, because he feels that it is wrong for people to impose on other people their own beliefs regarding issues on which there is legitimate disagreement. At what stage is Harold reasoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mike makes fun of a handicapped child having trouble with his studies in school. He reasons that it is OK to do this, because it will impress the other kids, and he wants them to think he is a neat kid. At what stage is Mike reasoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rob sees a bully picking on a little kid. He tells the bully to leave the little kid alone, because little kids have rights just like everyone else, and it's not fair for people to push people around just because they are smaller. At what stage is Rob reasoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit, Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes Jane’s behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| The central theme of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages was the development of: |
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Definition
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Term
| At each stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, people experience a(n) _________ that serves as a turning point. |
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Definition
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Term
| The stage that generally occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with: |
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson believed that people move through a series of _______ psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan. |
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Definition
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Term
| The crisis that arises in young adulthood is concerned with: |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Erikson, what is the major conflict faced during adolescence? |
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Definition
| identity vs role confusion |
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Term
| Eight-year old Steven has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble completing his schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result, receives little positive feedback from his teacher and parents. According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this stage of development results in _____________? |
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Definition
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Term
| The central conflict in the eighth stage of Erikson’s theory focuses on integrity vs. despair and involves reflecting back on your life. Those who are unsuccessful at resolving this conflict will look back with regret, anger, and bitterness. Those who are successful will feel a sense of satisfaction with the life they have lived. According to Erikson, those who are successful in this stage emerge with ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two psychologist independently studied attachment: |
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Definition
| John Bowbly and Mary Ainsworth |
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Term
| Separation anxiety is strongest about: |
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Definition
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Term
| Baby Rose is showing empathy. Accordingly to the article “Reading Baby’s Mind”, she could most probably also express |
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Definition
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Term
| Kimberly shows definite signs of object permanence; we might expect that she should also begin to show: |
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Definition
| a secure attachment pattern |
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Term
| An enduring emotional connection between people is known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| A key difference between temperament & personality is that: |
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Definition
| personality is more stable than temperament. |
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Term
| Secure attachment is directly correlated with the promotion of: |
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Definition
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