Term
| Give the two basic subdivisions of the skull. |
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Definition
- neurocranium - surrounds brain
- facial skeleton
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Term
| Give the cavities of the skull. |
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Definition
- orbital - globe of eye
- nasal
- cranial
- middle ear
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Term
| Give the sinuses of the skull. |
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Definition
- frontal
- maxillary
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
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Term
| Describe the types of articulations found in the skull. |
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Definition
- fiberous - nonmoveable sutures
- synovial joints - hinge & gliding of the mouth (TMJ)
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Term
| Name the three prominent sutures of the cranium. |
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Definition
- coronal
- sagittal
- lambdoid
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Term
| Describe the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). |
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Definition
| The condylar process rests in the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone when the mouth is closed. When the mouth is opened the articular disc moves forward out of the mandibular fossa with the condylar process. |
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Term
| Describe the three cranial fossa and a prominenet bondy landmark of each. |
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Definition
- anterior cranial fossa - supports frontal lobe; cribiform plate
- middle cranial fossa - supports tempral lobes; foramina & sella turcica
- posterior cranial fossa - supports cerebellum & brainstem; foramen magnum & jugular foramen
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Term
| Define the pterion, bregma, and lambda. |
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Definition
- pterion - frontal, parietal, temporal, & sphenoidal bone meet
- bregma - coronal & sagittal sutures meet
- lambda - sagittal & lambdoid sutures meet
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Term
| Describe the thress major subdivisions of the brain and give their primary functions. |
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Definition
- brainstem - medulla: vital reflexes; pons: vital reflexes; midbrain: auditory & visual reflexes
- cerebellum (little brain) - controls ongoing movements, non-concious
- cerebrum - concious perception: cognition, higher motor functions (blueprints), memory & learning, emotion, behavior, language
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Term
| Give four characteristics, function and anatomy of the cerebrum. |
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Definition
- contralateral perception/control - opposite side
- somatotopy (body map) - correspondence of receptor location & location of processing in cerebrum (motor & sensory)
- gyri & sulci - ridges & grooves (increase surface area)
- basal nuclei (ganglia) - inner layer involved in movement & appropriatness
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Term
| Describe the four lobes of the cerebrum, their position to each other and their function. |
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Definition
- frontal - personality, reasoning, planning, motor outflow (primary cortex is precentral gyris)
- parietal - primary somatosensory cortex = postcentral gyris
- occipital - vision
- tempral - memory & auditory
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Term
| Describe the grey matter of the cerebrum, its location/function. |
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Definition
grey matter = neuronal cell bodies
cortex = outer layer |
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Term
| Describe the white matter of the cerebrum, its different fiber tracts and their destinations. |
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Definition
- association fibers - connect lobe of single hemesphere
- commiserol fibers - connect hemespheres (corpus colloseum)
- projection fibers - go to and from the spinal cord
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Term
| Define "functional localization". |
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Definition
| Nerves that are together in certain parts of the body are also found together in the brain. |
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Term
| Name the branches off the aortic arch that give rise to the head's blood supply. |
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Definition
- brachiocephalic trunk
- subclavian arteries (upper limb)
- common carotid arteries (head)
- external carotid arteries (face)
- internal carotid arteries (brain)
- vertibral arterires (brain)
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Term
| Give the distribution of and name and identify the primary branches of the external carotid artery which supply the face. |
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Definition
- superior thyroid artery - thyroid gland, larynx, neck
- lingual artery - tongue
- facial artery
- occipital artery - post. scalp & post. neck
- maxillary branch - nasal/oral cavities, teeth, gums
- inferior aveolar artery - teeth, gums
- middle meningeal artery - dura mater
- superficial temporal artery - scalp
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Term
| Describe the functions of the cranial meninges. |
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Definition
- compartmentalize the brain to reduce movement
- venous sinuses won't collapse
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Term
| Draw and label the cerebral arterial circle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and describe the individual layers of the meninges surrounding the brain; know how they differ from those of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
- periosteal (outer) - stuck to skull
- meningeal (inner) - infolds on itself
- dura mater in spinal cord is one layer
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Term
| Name the different dural infoldings and their associated venous sinuses. |
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Definition
- falx cerebri (vertical) - superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight
- falx cerebelli (vertical)
- tentorium cerebelli (horizontal) - transverse
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Term
| Describe the flow of venous blood from the brain; include descriptions of the major dural sinuses. |
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Definition
Sup. sagittal, inf. sagittal, and straight to confluens
confluens to transverse to sigmoid to internal jugular
covernous to sup. petrosal and inf. petrosal
sup. petrosal to transverse to sigmoid to internal jugular
inf. petrosal to internal jugular |
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Term
| What is unusual about the veins of the face and dural sinuses - are there any connections between the two? |
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Definition
- no valves in the dural sinueses
- facial nerves (VII) make connections with sinuses
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Term
| Describe the two possible routes of arterial blood in the brain. |
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Definition
- 99% to brain tissue
- 1% to cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
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Term
| Describe the production of CSF, include a description of the choroid plexus. |
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Definition
- arterial blood (choroidal artery)
- choroid plexus (modified capillaries) in ventricles of brain filter the blood (energy dependent)
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Term
| Describe the circulation of CSF, beginning with its production at the choroid plexuses and ending with its reabsorption into the blood. |
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Definition
choroid plexus > lateral ventricle > interventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of the midbrain) > 4th ventricle > central canal of spinal cord
or 4th ventricle > subarachnoid space > arachnoid granulations > superior sagittal sinus |
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Term
| Describe hydrocephalus, its causes, include possible sites of blockage and accumulation of CSF. |
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Definition
- Hydrocephalus - the buildup of CSF in the ventricles or cavities of the brain
- causes - blocked CSF pathways
- blockage sites - interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of the midbrain), arachnoid granulations
- accumulation - lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, subarachnoid space
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Term
| Name the twelve pairs of cranial nerves and give a brief description of the function of each. |
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Definition
- olfactory - smell
- optic - vision
- oculomotor - extra ocular muscles, pupil constriction, lens accomodation
- trochlear - extra ocular muscles
- trigeminal - skin on face, cornea, teeth, anterior 2/3 tongue, muscles of mastication
- abducent - extra ocular muscles
- facial - muscles of expression, ear canal, prart of auricle, taste (ant. 2/3 tongue, chorda tympani), lacrimal glands, submanidular & sublingual salivary glands
- vestibulocochlear - hearing & balance
- glossopharygeal - pharyngeal muscles, wall of pharynx, post 1/3 tongue, taste (post 1/3 tongue), parotid salivary gland
- vagus - pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles, ear canal, taste (base of tongue), thoracic & abdominal viscera
- spinal accessory - trapezius muscle, sternoclediomastoid muscle
- hypoglossal - muscles of tongue
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Term
| Describe the differences between cranial nerves and spinal nerves. |
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Definition
- CN - somatic (skeletal muscles), autonomic (parasympathetic only), special sense (ie. taste)
- SN - somatic, autonomic, no special sense
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Term
| Give the muscles of facial expression and describe their action. |
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Definition
- frontalis - raise eyebrows
- levator labii superioris - lift nose
- zygomatic - smile
- obicularis oculi - shut eyes (orbital/palpebral)
- obicularis oris - kissing
- depressor anguli oris - frown
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Term
| What is unusual about the superficial fascia of the face, of the scalp? |
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Definition
- face - loose & moves around
- s = skin
- c = connective tissue
- a = epicranial aponeurosis
- l = loose layer of connective tissue
- p = periosteum
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Term
| Describe the general sensory and motor functions of the facial nerve. |
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Definition
- sensory - taste (ant. 2/3 tongue)
- motor - muscles of expression
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Term
| Describe the special sense function of the facial nerve. |
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Definition
| chorda tympani - taste (ant. 2/3 tongue) |
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Term
| Identify the muscles of mastication and describe their action. |
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Definition
- temporalis - closes & retracts
- masseter - closes & protracts
- med. pterygoid - closes & protracts
- lat. pterygoid - opens & protracts
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Term
| Describe the branches of the trigeminal nerve including any named nerves discussed in lecture and/or lab. |
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Definition
- ophthalmic (V1) - eye, forehead & nose skin, cornea, meninges, frontal sinus, supraorbital nerve
- maxillary (V2) - upper mouth, cheek skin, meninges, upper teeth, nasal cavity, throat, infraorbital nerve
- mandibular (V3) - muscles of mastication, mandible skin, mucus membranes of mouth, TMJ, eardrum, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve
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Term
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Definition
| Musculomembranous space posterior to oral cavity and nasal cavity (throat). |
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Term
| Define the boundaries and contents of the three subdivisions of the pharynx. |
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Definition
- nasopharynx - base of skull to soft palate - nasal conchae, auditory tube opening, pharyngeal tonsils
- oropharynx - soft palate to epiglottis - palatine tonsils, palatoglossal arch, palatophyrngeal arch
- laryngopharynx - epiglottis to inferior aspect of larynx - vocal folds, vestibular folds
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Term
| What muscles form the pharynx? What is their action, attachments and nerve supply? |
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Definition
Constrictor Muscles - pharyngeal plexus
- superior constrictor - A: terigomandibular raphe
- middle constrictor - A: hyoid bone
- inferior constrictor - A: thyroid cartilage
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Term
| What is the general motor and sensory supply to the pharynx? |
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Definition
- motor: vagus (X)
- sensory: glossopharyngeal (IX)
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Term
| What are the "tonsils" and where are they located? |
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Definition
- tonsils - lymph sturctures (immune system)
- palatine tonsils - back of the oral cavity
- pharyngeal tonsils - back of the nasal cavity
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Term
| What are the "arches" of the oropharynx and what actually forms them? |
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Definition
Formed by muscles.
- palatoglossal arch
- palatophyrngeal arch
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Term
| What is a pattern generator? |
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Definition
| Series of actions happen because of a single starting action (ie. swallowing) |
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Term
| What are the general "problems" associated with swallowing and how are they solved? |
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Definition
Problems
- trachea in line with oral cavity
- do not want food in nasal cavity
Solutions
- suprahyoids pull trachea forward & spiglottis is forced down
- palatopharyngeus, palati & lavator muscles elevate soft palate (X)
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Term
| What muscles are involved in solving the problems associated with swallowing? |
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Definition
- suprahyoids - pull trachea forward
- palatopharyngeus - elevates soft palate
- lavator palati - elevates soft palate
- tensor palati - elevates soft palate
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Term
| How is the auditory tube opened? |
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Definition
| Tensor palati lifts the upper part of the opening. |
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Term
| Give the stages of swallowing. |
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Definition
- Tongue forces food back into oropharynx (voluntary)
- Food moves from oropharynx to laryngopharynx - breathing and chewing stop, sup & middle constrictors move food inferiorly, pharyngeal muscles contract so food cannot enter nasopharynx, pharynx is stabilized by stylopharyngeus muscle, hyoid and larynx elevated and brought forward so spiglottis is forced down over top of larynx by suprahyoids (involuntary)
- Food moved from laryngopharynx to esophagus by inferior contrictors (involuntary)
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Term
| Define the trigangles of the neck; include the important boundaries and contents of each. |
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Definition
Posterior Triangle
- ant.: sternocleidomastoid
- post.: trapezius
- floor: scalene muscles
- contents: bracio plexus, subclavian artery & vein
Anterior Triangle
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ant.: midline of neck
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post.: sternocleidomastoid
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contents: thyroid glands, carotid artery, internal jugular vein, sympathetic trunk, vagus nerve hyoid muscles
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Term
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Definition
A: Sternum and clavicle
B: Mastoid process of the skull
INN: Accessory nerve (XI)
Action:
- T: flexion of cervical spine
- I: draw head to shoulder, rotate head |
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Term
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Definition
A: Anterior - T.P. to C3-C6
Middle - T.P. to C3-C7
Posterior - T.P. of C5-C6
B: Anterior - first rib
Middle - first rib
Posterior - second rib
INN: cervical spinal nerves
Action: T - stabilize head, aid respiraion
I - lateral neck flexion |
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Term
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Definition
A: sternum
B: hyoid bone
INN: ventral rami C1-C3 spinal nerves (cervical plexus)
Action: depress hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
A: Superior border of scapula (near scapular notch)
B: Hyoid bone
INN: cervical plexus
Action: depress and retract hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
A: sternum
B: thyroid cartilage
INN: cervical plexus
Action: depress throid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
A: thyroid cartilage
B: hyoid bone
INN: cervical plexus
Action: depress hyoid bone or elevate thyroid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
A: styloid process of the skull
B: hyoid bone
INN: facial nerve (VII)
Action: raise and retract hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
A: mandible
B: hyoid bone
INN: mandibular nerve (V3)
Action: raise tongue |
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Term
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Definition
A: Mastoid notch (medial mastoid process)
B: mandible near symphysis
INN: anterior mandibular nerve (V3) & posterior facial nerve (VII)
Action: anterior - open mouth
posterior - raise hoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
A: mandible
B: hyoid bone
INN: cervical spinal nerves (C1-C2)
Action: elevate hyoid bone and base of tongue |
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Term
| What structures are involved in "thoracic outlet syndrome"? |
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Definition
| Compression of neurovascualr bundle passing between the anterior and middle scalene. Bracial plexus may also be compressed. |
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Term
| What is a "neurovascualr bundle" and what are the contents of this "bundle" in the neck? |
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Definition
| Neurovascular bundle is a bundle of nerves arteries and veins. In the neck it is made up of the vagus nerve, inferior jugular vein, and the common carotid artery. |
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Term
| What are the primary target organs of the hyoid muscles? |
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Definition
- larynx - suspension
- tongue - support
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Term
| What daily activities are effected y the hyoid muscles? |
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Definition
| swallowing, respiration, mastication, speech |
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Term
| Give the functions of the larynx. |
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Definition
- protective 'sphincter' of trachea
- increase pressure of thorax - via abdomen (valsalva manuver)
- phonation (raw sound)
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Term
| Describe the larynx in terms of the ligaments that compose it. |
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Definition
- cricotrachial ligament
- cricothyroid ligament
- thyrohyoid membrane (several ligaments)
- vocal ligament - arytenoid to thyroid cartilage
- vestibular ligament - make vestibular folds (false vocal folds)
- cricovocal membrane
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Term
| Give and describe the articulations of the larynx. |
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Definition
- cricoarytenoid articulation - synovial gliding, rotation, open (abduction) & close (adduction) rima glottidis
- cricothyroid articulation - synovial gliding, tilt thyroid cartilage down, change length/tension of vocal folds
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Term
| Describe the muscles that work on the articulations of the larynx. |
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Definition
- posterior cricoarytenoid - open vocal folds/abduction
- lateral cricoarytenoid - close vocal folds/adduction
- cricothyroid - increase tension/length of vocal cords
- vocalis - runs length of vocal ligament
- thyroarytenoideus - decrease tension/length of vocal folds
- arytenoideus - close vocal folds/adduction
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Term
| What is the rima glottidis? |
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Definition
| The space between the vocal ligaments. |
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Term
| Describe abduction and adduction of the vocal folds. |
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Definition
- abduction - opening
- adduction - closing
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Term
| Describe the nerve supply to the larynx. |
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Definition
- vagus nerve - motor & sensory
- superior larengeal nerve
- internal larengeal nerve - sensory above cords
- external larengeal nerve - motor to cricothyroid
- recurrent laryngeal nerve - motor to rest of laryngeal muscles/ sensory below cords
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Term
| Describe the folds of the larynx. |
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Definition
- vocal folds - ligaments, muscles, mucus membrane (bottom)
- vestibular folds - false vocal folds (top)
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Term
| Give and define the processes involved in speech. |
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Definition
- phonation - larynx (raw sound)
- ressonance - pharynx/nasal cavity/oral cavity/ nasal sinuses
- articulation - mouth/teeth/lips/tongue
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Term
| Describe the ventricular system of the brain, their arrangement and position and their connections with the subarachnoid space. |
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Definition
- Lat ventricle - c-shaped, cerebral hemispheres
- 3rd ventricle - lat. walls formed by thalamus/hypothalamus
- 4th ventricle - pyramid shaped, floor of cerebellum, 3 apertures to subarachnoid space
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Term
| Describe the temporal mandibular joint in terms of the bones involved and the action of the joint. |
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Definition
- involves temporal bone and mandible
- synovial joint
- hinge: opens/closes mouth
- gliding: protractin (sticking out) and retraction (pulling in)
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Term
| What is the relationship between CN7 & CN5? |
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Definition
- CN7 - motor to muscles of expression, taste
- CN5 - sensory to face, sensory to tongue
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Term
| Give the layers of the eye. |
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Definition
- external (skeleton)
- middle (vascular)
- internal (retina)
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Term
| Give the components of each of the layers and their individual function. |
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Definition
- external - sclera, cornea
- middle - iris (SANS = opens, PANS = closes), ciliary body, choroid
- internal - macula lutea (detailed vision)
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Term
| Describe the difference between the optic axis and the orbital axis. |
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Definition
- optic axis - in line with the macula lutea (line of sight)
- orbital axis - in line with the optic disc (axis of rotation)
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Term
| Give the different refractive media of the eye. |
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Definition
- cornea - bends light the most
- aqueous humor - constricts (PANS - fast) and dialates (SANS - slow) pupil
- lens
- vitreous humor
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Term
| Describe "accommodation". |
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Definition
- contraction = loosen suspensory ligament = fatten lens (near)
- relax = increase tension = thin lens (far)
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Term
| Describe the iris, pupillary diameter changes and the muscles involved. |
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Definition
- ciliary muscles
- sympathetic - opens - lets more light in (slow)
- parasympathetic - closes - keeps light out (fast)
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Term
| What is the "conjunctiva"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles. |
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Definition
| oculomotor III, trochlear IV, abducent VI |
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Term
| Describe the lacrimal gland and "tearing", include its nerve supply. |
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Definition
| lacrimal gland to lacrimal ducts to eye (CN VII) |
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