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| The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life—food, clothing, shelter, and defense. |
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| A type of expansion diffusion in which cultural innovation spreads by person-to-person contact, moving wavelike through an area and population without regard to social status. |
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| A total way of life held in common by a group of people, including such learned features as speech, ideology, behavior, livelihood, technology, and government; or the local, customary way of doing things—a way of life; an ever-changing process in which a group is actively engaged; a dynamic mix of symbols, beliefs, speech, and practices. |
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| A geographical unit based on characteristics and functions of culture. |
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| The spread of innovations within an area in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users becomes greater and the area of occurrence grows. |
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| A cultural region inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common. |
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| functional culture region |
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| An cultural area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically. |
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| The study of spatial patterns and of differences and similarities from one place to another in environment and culture. |
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| A type of expansion diffusion in which innovations spread from one important person to another or from one urban center to another, temporarily bypassing other persons or rural areas. |
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| A term used to connote the subjective, idiographic, humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the unique character of individual regions and places, rejecting the principles of science as flawed and unknowingly biased. |
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| The spread of an innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation (migration) of the individual or group responsible for the innovation. |
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| A term used to connote the objective, quantitative, theoretical, model-based, economics-oriented type of geography that seeks to understand spatial systems and networks through application of the principles of social science. |
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| Landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture. |
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| vernacular cultural region |
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| A cultural region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted name or nickname (such as “Dixie”). |
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| The adaptation of humans and cultures to the challenges posed by the physical environment. |
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| The spread of elements of culture from the point of origin over an area. |
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| The number of infants per 1000 live births who die before reaching one year of age. |
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| A small, cohesive, stable, isolated, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race; characterized by a strong family or clan structure, order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, little division of labor other than that between the sexes, frequent and strong interpersonal relationships, and a material culture consisting mainly of handmade goods. |
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| A dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money- based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; producing and consuming machine-made goods. |
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| The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit. |
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| The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes. |
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| The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world. |
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| With respect to popular culture, when people within a placer start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own. |
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| The tendency for industry to develop in a core-periphery pattern, enriching the industrialized countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized periphery. This term is also used to describe urban patterns in which suburban areas are enriched while the inner city is impoverished. |
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| Description of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live. |
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| The belief that human capabilities are determined by racial classification and that some races are superior to others. |
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| A classification system that is sometimes understood as arising from genetically significant differences among human populations, or visible differences in human physiognomy, or as a social construction that varies across time and space. |
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| The process through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy. |
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| A group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society. |
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| A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population. |
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| Broadly defined, the study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture; narrowly (and more commonly) defined, the study of culture as an adaptive system that facilitates human adaptation to nature and environmental change. |
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| A relatively dense settlement form. |
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| Traditional, rural; the opposite of "popular." |
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| Structures built by members of a folk society or culture in a traditional manner and style, without the assistance of professional architects or blueprints, using locally available raw materials. |
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| A spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety; may result from the spread of popular culture, which can diminish or destroy the uniqueness of place through cultural standardization on a national or even worldwide scale. |
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| Vernacular culture region |
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Definition
| A culture region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted name or nickname (such as "Dixie") |
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| A territorially bounded system consisting of interacting organic and inorganic components. |
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| The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking. |
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| Countries in which more than one language is spoken. |
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| A theory of language diffusion, which holds that the spread of Indo-European languages originated with animal domestication; originated in the Central Asian steppes; and was later, more violent, and swifter than proponents of the Anatolian hypothesis maintain. |
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| A group of related languages derived from a common ancestor. |
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| Those places on Earth that are home to the most unique, misunderstood, or endangered languages. |
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| A mixture of different languages. |
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| Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe’s Indo-European languages (from Anatolia [present-day Turkey]); North Africa, and Arabian language s (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent). |
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| the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other, and it is considered pejorative. |
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| Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from north America through parts of Asia to Australia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothesis developed by British scholar Colin Renfrew wherein he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe’s Indo-European languages (from Anatolia [present-day Turkey]); North Africa, and Arabian language s (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent). |
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