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Human Geography Test 1
Introduction, History, Interpreting Places and Landscapes
142
Geography
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2010

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Term
Social Construction of Reality
Definition
places are given different meaning by different groups for different purposes, what one interprets from the landscape
Term
Subjectivity
Definition
socially constructed based on feelings, tastes, and opinions; places exist and are constructed by their inhabitants and this meaning becomes the central identity of such a place
Term
Identity
Definition
sense people make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on experience
Term
Interdependence of Places
Definition
filling specialized roles in complex and ever changing environments
Term
Site
Definition
physical attributes of its location; soil, vegetation, water sources, climate, topography
Term
Situation
Definition
location of a place to other places, human activities, accessibility to route ways, or nearness to population centers
Term
Cognitive Maps
Definition
psychological representations of locations springing from people’s individual ideas, impressions of these locations
Term
Absolute Distance
Definition
Physical measurements
Term
Relative Distance
Definition
expressed in terms of time, effort, and cost
Term
Cognitive Distance
Definition
distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation (close to topological space)
Term
Distance-Decay function
Definition
rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance
Term
Topological Space
Definition
connections between or connectivity of particular points in place
Term
Cognitive Space
Definition
measured and defined in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, directions, and regions
Term
Ordinary Landscapes
Definition
landscapes people create everyday in the course of their lives together
Term
Symbolic Landscape
Definition
represents values and aspirations that builders and financiers want to impart to others
Term
"Sense of place"
Definition
humans possess a feeling of being part of a place, people show perceptual preferences
Term
Regional Studies Approach (Cultural Landscapes Approach)
Definition
each region has its own distinctive landscape that results from unique combination of social relationship and physical processes; people’s activity and environment give a region uniqueness; some regions might combine the features of other, geographers try to make sense of it
Term
Formal Region
Definition
area in which every one shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
Term
Functional Region
Definition
nodal region, area organized around a node or focal point, such as a communication or transportation center
Term
Vernacular Region
Definition
a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity, informal sense of place rather than a scientific model
Term
Culture
Definition
Body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinctive tradition of a group of people
Term
Language
Definition
System of signs, marks, sounds, and gestures understood in a cultural group
Term
Religion
Definition
attitudes, beliefs, practices through which people worship in a formal and organized way
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
a group’s language, tradition, and other cultural values
Term
More Developed Countries
Definition
United States, Europe, Japan
Term
Less Developed Countries
Definition
Subsaharan Africa, Middle East, some East Asia, South Asia, South East Asia, Latin America
Term
cultural ecology
Definition
geographical study of human and environment interactions, distinctive cultural groups modify natural environment in distinctive ways to produce unique regions
Term
Environmental Determinism
Definition
physical environment caused social development, human actions are scientifically caused by environmental conditions
Term
Possibilism
Definition
physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment, can choose course of action from many alternatives in the physical environment
Term
CERP
Definition
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, restoring the historic flow of water through South Fl while improving flood control and water quality (1994)
Term
Globalization of economy
Definition
economic activity in one region influenced by interaction with decision makers located elsewhere, led primarily by transnational corporations
Term
Transnational Corporation
Definition
conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principle shareholders are located
Term
Globalization of Culture
Definition
increasingly uniform cultural preferences produce uniform “global” landscapes of material artifacts and of cultural values
Term
Space-time compression
Definition
reduction in time it takes to travel between places, rapid connections have reduced distance across space between places in terms of communication
Term
Diffusion
Definition
process by which a characteristic spreads across from one place to another over time
Term
Relocation diffusion
Definition
spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another (culture) - permanently
Term
Barriers to interaction
Definition
mountains, oceans, politics
Term
Cultural Sensitivity
Definition
commitment to examining and understanding cultural traditions, races, and ethnicities
Term
Hearth areas
Definition
first areas of agricultural revolution, where it diffuses outward from
Term
Minisystems
Definition
society with single cultural base and reciprocal social economy, meaning that each individual specializes in particular tasks
Term
Slash-and-burn
Definition
system of cultivation in which plants are harvested close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited, with the burned stubble providing fertilizer for the soil
Term
Carl Sauer's writings on agricultural dispersion
Definition
agricultural breakthroughs could only take place in certain geographical settings where natural food supplies were plentiful, terrain diversified, where soils rich and easy to till, where there was no need for large scale irrigation and drainage
Term
Agricultural Hearth Areas
Definition
Middle East (Fertile crescent, Dead Sea Valley,
Anatolian Plateaus), South Asia (Ganges-Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy), China
(Huang He), Americas (southwest US, southern Mexico, Panama, Andes)
Term
Implication for transition to food-producing minisystems
Definition
1) allowed higher population densities and encouraged proliferation of settled villages, 2) brought about change in social organization (from loose communal systems to those more highly organized on basis of kinship), 3) allowed specialization of nonagricultural crafts (pottery, woven textiles, jewelry, and weaponry), 4) beginnings of barter and trade between communities, sometimes over great distances
Term
World-system
Definition
interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition, founded on independence
Term
World-empire
Definition
group of minisystems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining fundamental cultural differences
Term
Best known World-empire
Definition
Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantine, Chine
Term
Urbanization
Definition
towns and cities become centers of administration
Term
Colonization
Definition
physical settlement of new territory of people from colonizing state
Term
Law of Diminishing Returns
Definition
: tendency for productivity to decline after a certain point with continued addition of capital and or labor to a given resource base
Term
Legacies of Roman Settlements
Definition
most Western European cities of importance had origins as Roman settlements, aqueducts, roads, etc
Term
Strong central states
Definition
China, India, Middle East, Central America, Andean region
Term
Ancient Greeks and study of geography
Definition
developed idea that places embody fundamental relationships between places and between people and nature for politics, business, and trade
Term
Strabo
Definition
wrote 17-volume series Geography that described places, chorology or regional approach to geography
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
developing a comprehensive view of the world, First to come up with Latitudes and Longitudes (advanced map making)
Term
Chorology
Definition
regional approach to geography
Term
Inland development (town and hinterland)
Definition
a town or a city is its sphere of economic influence and goods coming from the hinterland
Term
Later Important world empires
Definition
Southeast Asia, Muslim city-states of coastal North America, grasslands of West Africa, around gold and copper mines of East Africa, in feudal kingdoms and merchant towns of Europe
Term
Mapmaking developed by Chinese and Islamic scholars (500 AD-1500)8
Definition
Chinese maps of world from same period were more accurate than those of European cartographers because Chinese were able to draw on info brought back by Imperial China’s admirals (Pacific, Indian Oceans)
Term
Rise of Capitalism
Definition
Italy, England, Baltic, Nile Valley, India, Java, Southeast coastal China
Term
Beginning of Mecca pilgrimages and its influence on the increasing geographic knowledge of Arab world
Definition
obligation to get to Mecca (hajj), increases the knowledge of the land and travel, spread out knowledge, need for travel guides, put people from the Arab world in touch with people from all over the world
Term
Silk Road and ancient cities: Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva
Definition
important cities because commerce that went from the far east from China to Europe (main route), silk and porcelain, cities were places of glory and wealth, became meeting place for knowledge, philosophy, religion, and known for producing scholars
Term
Prince Henry the Navigator
Definition
establishes school of navigation and cartography, funds much exploration
Term
Bartolomew Dias
Definition
reaches cap of Good Hope, tip of Southern Africa
Term
Christopher Columbus
Definition
from Genoa sails to San Salvador and Hispaniola
Term
Vasco de Gama
Definition
made it to India
Term
Magellan
Definition
sailed around the world
Term
Cabral
Definition
crosses from Portugal to Brazil
Term
Old World and New World interactions
Definition
conquest wiped out a lot of indigenous because of destruction and disease, Old World in competition while new crops like corn and potatoes from New World, radically affect Old World, Columbian exchange
Term
Map projections
Definition
from flat to spherical, during Renaissance figured out map techniques, representing the surface of a sphere or other shape
Term
Louis XIV "Sun King"
Definition
advances in map making, commissioned Nicholas Sanson to produce set of accurate maps of French territory
Term
Plantations
Definition
large landholding specializing in a particular crop
Term
Import Substitution
Definition
learning to create goods that were previously imported
Term
European global takeover of trade and colonization
Definition
involves establishment and maintenance of political, legal domination by a state over a separate society, tried to push out whoever was there, Indian Ocean Indian traders, Europeans took over territory, displaced local traders, taken over most of former Muslim shipping trade in Indian Ocean, and oceangoing trade with Asia, selling Japanese copper to China and India, Persian carpets to India, Indian cotton to Japan, and so on—so the Europeans had occupied parts of Mediterranean North Africa, central and South America, East Indies, Indian ports, Caribbean Islands, North American lands
Term
semiperipherial region
Definition
able to exploit periphery regions but still themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
Term
Immanuel Kant
Definition
Kant separation of disciplines, distinguishes between specific fields of knowledge represented by disciplines like physics, biology, history, and geography
Term
Alexander Von Humboldt
Definition
figured the connections between the people and the land and early environmental determinism, analyzing data for the spatial relationship between plants, animals, and land, people must adapt to the environment
Term
Karl Ritter
Definition
founder of regional geography, integrative science able to reveal differences between people and nature
Term
Friedrich Ratzel
Definition
worked off of Darwin’s idea of competition and species adapting to environmental conditions and competition for living space, natural scientists had made more progress in formulating general laws than had social scientists
Term
Ellen Churchill Semple
Definition
people can adjust to the environment and act according to cultural values that may not be rooted in the environment
Term
Ellsworth Huntington
Definition
argued that climate was a major determinant of civilization
Term
Foundations of geographic societies, geographic knowledge as a colonist tool
Definition
in the case of European colonialist helped with commerce trade and domination, geography became an important tool and was shaped in a European light
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Europeans are superior, attitudes that ones own race and culture is superior to anothers
Term
Masculinism
Definition
assumption that world is, and should be, shaped by men for men
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
survival of the fittest
Term
"Core within a core" "Golden Triangle"
Definition
London Paris Berlin
Term
Reasons for US to move from periphery to core
Definition
because of natural resources and lack of competition, vast resources of land, minerals, little competition for power in continent, population growing quickly with immigrants, close connections with Europe because of cultural and trading links
Term
Japan: Meiji Restoration
Definition
rise of imperialism, restoration of an old imperial dynasty, looking outwardly, modernize the country as quickly as possible no matter the cost
Term
Rise of imperialism in the late 1800s
Definition
diminishing returns,
technological disparity, Social Darwinist and ethnocentrist mentality
(“white man’s burden”) we’re going to Africa but is justified because they need us our religion and our guidance, competing global influence, resulted in scramble for territory, especially in Africa
Term
Independence of colonies after WWII
Definition
US emerges as new hegemonic power, dominant state within world-system core, which came to be called the First World
Term
MauMau nationalist Kenya
Definition
war resulted because of reluctance by the British to relinquish colonial powers, decolonialization smooth formerly imprisoned Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta
Term
French Indochina
Definition
1950s war between France and Vietnamese/Cambodians/Laotians
Term
Neocolonialism
Definition
economic, political struggles by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend influence over other areas or people
Term
Commodity chains
Definition
networks of labor and production processes that originate in extraction or production of raw materials
Term
Uneven development
Definition
consequences of free trade with unequal infrastructure/ability to compete (e.g. NAFTA forcing Mexican farmers out of work and leading to illegal immigration)
Term
"Fast World" vs "Slow World" economic processes
Definition
1)15% of population consisting of people, places, regions directly involved as producers and consumers in TNC industry
2)accounting for 85% of world’s population consists of peoples, places, and regions whose participating in transnational industry, modern telecommunications, material consumptions, international news and entertainment is limited
Term
Jihad vs McWorld by Benjamin Barber
Definition
basic thesis – McWorld is short hand for popular culture and shallow materialism that is part of western capitalist modernization; Jihad short hand for cultural values pinned by religious fundamentalism, traditional tribal alliances, opposition to western materialism
Term
Concept of Interdependence
Definition
how environment shapes and is shaped by
people
Term
Places as social construction
Definition
given different meanings by different people for different purporses
Term
Individuality, Sense of Community
Definition
on going tension between the two, communal ways in a community, drawing on particular images and particular histories of places in order to lend distinctiveness
Term
Exclusion and Stereotyping
Definition
negative consequence of topophilia, could be so proud of that location that they stereotype and exclude other nations, reinforce who they are contrasting themselves with places and people they feel very different from them
Term
Place-making
Definition
conceptually, but also physically Arc de Triumph, key part of systems of meaning through which we make sense of the world
Term
territoriality
Definition
establishing rules for things like economic environment and market boundaries, persistent attachment of individuals or peoples to a specific location
Term
Border disputes
Definition
between countries, source of stimulation, people protecting what they think belongs to them
Term
Ethology
Definition
study of people’s sense of territoriality, the scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs
Term
Microgeography
Definition
personal space, the phenomena of it, strong territorial urge
Term
Proxemics
Definition
Proxemics studies of cultural and social meanings given to personal space, and has to do with overcrowding effects
Term
Territoriality and regulation through rules and laws
Definition
territoriality is a product of forces that stem from social relations and cultural systems, it facilitates classification and enforcement, gives tangible form to power and control, but does so in such a way that directs attention away from the personal relationships between the control and controllers
Term
Cognitive organization of geographic information
Definition
Paths, Edges, Districts,
Nodes, Landmarks most people don’t have a picture perfect memory so they think about it using these forms, what people see in their minds when they think of a particular place or setting
Term
Cognitive Imagery
Definition
perception of a place, mall example, people’s image of place shape particular aspects of their behavior
Term
Role of peoples’ values and feelings in decision making about location of
residences, jobs, decisions of where to shop
Definition
because of an ambiance, produced from direct experience or indirect information
Term
Perceptions of Plains and West
Definition
in attracting settlement prosperity and open land, so that people want to settle out there
Term
Cognitive preference map
Definition
preferences for their home areas and other big cities
Term
Cognitive/folk knowledge of weather and different perceptions
Definition
way people perceive the weather and outlooks on life, some tend to change the unpredictable into the knowable by imposing order where none truly exists
Term
sentimental and symbolic attributes tied to place
Definition
(affective bonds and topophilia) people build up affective bonds with places through cumulative effects of cultural influences and significant personal events; loves of place
Term
landscapes and differences in meaning
Definition
different landscapes have different meaning for different people, a landscape can be many different images
Term
Landscape of Power
Definition
Red Square in Moscow, Tiananmen Square Beijing showing the power of the state
Term
Landscape of Despair
Definition
Calcutta street
Term
Symbolic Landscape
Definition
Times Square, Eiffel Tower
Term
D.W. Meingi's Three symbolic landscapes of America
Definition
Stereotypical New England landscape, Main Street of Middle America, Suburbia
Term
Cultural Landscape (Humanistic Approach to geography)
Definition
(based on perceptions) places individual at the center of analysis esp individual values, meaning symbolic meanings, and conscious acts
Term
Landscape as text (semiotic)
Definition
(messages about identity, values, beliefs,
and practices from signs on the landscape) practice of reading and writing signs, assumes that innumerable signs are embedded in landscape, space, and place, sending messages about identity, values, beliefs, and practices
Term
Brasilia, Brazil
Definition
state designed landscape for meaning
Term
Sacred spaces
Definition
Yi-Fu Tuan, Hindus and sacred rivers, Muslims and Makkah (Mecca), Lourdes
Term
Modernity
Definition
forward-looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress
Term
Renaissance
Definition
scientific discovery and commerce began to displace the traditional sociocultural views of the world that had emphasized mysticism, romanticism, and fatalism
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
established belief in human progress and sovereignty of scientific meaning
Term
Fatalism vs. self-determination
Definition
everything has a fate versus the idea of free will and making your own
Term
Marinetti and the Futurist Manifesto
Definition
launched an art movement, futurism, that rejected the past; celebrated speed, machinery, violence, youth and industry, and sought the modernization and cultural rejuvenation of Italy
Term
Agricultural Modernization
Definition
changing the landscapes, breaking down the traditional village to larger mechanized landscapes
Term
Globalization and place making
Definition
processes brought about generalizations of certain forms of industrial production, market behavior trade, and consumption but also reinforced and extended commonalities between places
Term
Influence telecommunications
Definition
created global markets in film, music, tv, and the Internet; diffused certain values and attitudes towards a wide spectrum of sociocultural issues
Term
standardizations of legal practices and trade
Definition
criminal justice, environmental regulation, and civil rights
Term
Cultural geography of cyberspace
Definition
idea of dispersion of ideas throughout the world
Term
Postmodernism
Definition
view of the world that emphasizes openness to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression, and political empowerment; consumption-oriented, emphasis on possession of specific combination of things and on style of consumption; living for the moment
Term
material culture as a social maker
Definition
person's home, automobile, clothing, reading, viewing, eating and drinking preferences, and choice of vacations are all indicators of that person's distinctiveness, sense of style
Term
Cultural industries
Definition
advertising, publishing, communication media, popular entertainment - have become important shapers of landscapes, spaces, and places
Term
cosmopolitan
Definition
an intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures
Term
place marketing
Definition
economic and cultural globalization has meant that places and regions throughout world increasingly trying to influence ways in which they are perceived by tourists, businesses, media firms, consumers
Term
Pedestrian plazas
Definition
make-over trying to be competitive call for people to come
Term
Stopera
Definition
Amsterdam, late 1980s arts and civic complex, placed in a declining in east-central part of the city
Term
Gentrification
Definition
bringing wealth back to an area, raising taxes
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