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| Regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies. |
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| regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity. |
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| estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year. |
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| PPP(purchasing power parity) |
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| measures how much of a common "Market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally. |
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| UNDP (united nations development program) |
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| has devised an overall index of human development based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income. |
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| Less developed country: found in periphery and semi periphery regions. |
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| important resource in terms of the world's economic geography. oild, natural gas, and coal. core regions dominate the world's energy and periphery regions struggle to obtain. |
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| more than half of the earth's land surface is unsuitable for any productive farming. core regions are found on the earth's most fertile soil regions, periphery regions are found on unfertile soil. |
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| high proportion of the world's key industrial resources, basic raw materials, are found in core countries such as, USA, Russia, Canada, and Japan. Political and economical problems have hindered peripherial regions. |
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| started in late 1700's in the United Kingdom |
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| coal fields: constant heat, canals + railroads, factories, ore building power. |
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| Chemicals: factories, cotton, cloth, bleach, and clothing |
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| importance of food processing... |
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| pickling, dry-canning, preserving derived from textiles/chemical industry |
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| Industires occupy which US region |
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Definition
New England: textiles
Mid-Atlantic: chemicals
Mohawk Valley: paper/aluminum
Pittsburgh: steel
Western/great lakes: transport |
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| -minimize cost of transport. bulk reducing; locate near source. bulk gaining; locate closer to consumers. |
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| land, labor, capital. unique characteristics @ particular region. |
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| fresher goods being produced closer to consumers. |
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| are those concerned directly with natural resources of any kind; include agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry. |
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| are those that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities or that reassemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods. |
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| are those involving the sale and exchange of goods and services; they include warehousing, retail stores, personal services such as hairdressing, commercial services such as accounting and advertising, and entertainment |
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| are those dealing with the handling and processing of knowledge and information. |
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| core countries; such as USA, Canada, Japan, and Russia. |
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| peripheral regions who are becoming larger world powers, such as brazil, South Africa, Australia, EU. |
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| world's largest trading blocs |
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| o Western Europe, north America, Soviet Union, Japan & East Asian countries, oil-exporting countries. |
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| involves a high level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises, investment, or technology. |
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| : is the degree to which levels of demand for a product or service change in response to changes in price. |
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| : The syndrome of having constantly to borrow in order to fund “development”. |
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| a attempt to establish a new roles in the international division of labor, moving away from a specialization in primary commodities toward a more diversified manufacturing base. |
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| At the heart of this process has been the emergence of private companies that participate not only in international trade but also in production. Manufacturing, and/or sales operations in several countries. |
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| Transnational Corporation |
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| mostly US and European based companies that were concerned with obtaining raw materials. Such as oil or minerals, for their domestic manufacturing operations. |
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| Conglomerate Corporations |
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| those having diversified into various economic activities, usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions. (Tobacco products; Marlboro). |
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| named after Henry Ford; pioneered principles involved, mass production, based on assembly line techniques and “scientific” management, together with mass consumption, based on higher wages and sophisticated advertising techniques. |
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| the logic of mass production coupled with mass consumption has been modified by the addition of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems. |
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| Flexible production systems |
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| flexibility is rooted in forms of production that enable manufacturers to shift quickly and efficiently from one level of output to another and, more importantly, from one product configuration to another. |
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| Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Prices |
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| Low prices are attracting large amounts of people from small towns. Wal-mart is taking business away from local businesses by allowing lower prices. |
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| is a science, an art, and a business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit. |
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| to describe the way of life that is deeply in the demands of agricultural production. |
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| : is a system in which agriculturalists consume all they produce. |
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| Industrial [commercial] agriculture |
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| a system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for the sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families |
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| a form of agriculture usually found in tropical forests, famers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate. |
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| a practice involving the effective and efficient use of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield; a considerable expenditure of human labor and application of fertilizer are also usually involved. |
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| involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs for food, shelter, and clothing. |
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| is recognized as having been founded on the development of seed agriculture and the use of the plow and draft animals. |
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| debate still exists as to where the revolution happened, but most likely it happened at different times in the same century. Started around the industrial revolution in the 1700s. |
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| 3rd agricultural revolution |
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| started in the late nineteenth century and gaining momentum throughout the twentieth century. |
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| Main reasons for the Industrialization of Agriculture… |
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| Advances in science and technology-including mechanical as well as chemical and biological innovations-have determined the industrialization of agriculture over time. |
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| the genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to greatly exceed the productivity improvements of the green revolution. |
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| any technique that uses living organisms to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. |
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| an application of biotechnology in which genes from other life forms are inserted into the host plant. |
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| Basics of the Green Revolution |
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| The combination of new machines and institutions, all designed to increase global agricultural productivity. |
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| How it began? (green revolution) |
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| Effort began in 1943 when the Rockerfeller foundation funded a group of agricultural scientists to set up a research project for Mexico to increase wheat production. |
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| a set of economic and political relationships that organizes agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product. |
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| five central and connected sectors with four contextual elements acting as external mediating forces. |
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| specific set of links that exists among food production and consumption and capital investment and accumulation opportunities. |
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| attempt to resist fast food by preserving the cultural cuisine and the associated food and farming of an ecoregion. |
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| edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant and served to customers in packaged form. |
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| Apple, Tulip, Marijuana, and potato. |
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