Term
| What does it mean to be human? what trends are there? |
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Definition
-Brain Enlargement (600-700 cc range)
-Acquisition of Culture (oldowan, acheulean, mousterian)
-Reduced emphasis on mastication (teeth became replaced by tools; teeth became smaler, enamel became thinner, jaws becames smaller and thinner)
-Bipedal Gait |
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Term
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Definition
-Lived in south&east africa (hung out at lake margins)
-Brain size: 600-620cc
-Had an opposable thumb, which is why he is thought to be first tool maker.
-snout reduced, teeth reduced
-big toe in line
-traverse and longitudinal arch
-oldowan technology (cobbles that are sharpened) |
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Term
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Definition
Rudolf has larger brain (775)
also has longer face, larger molars and premolars |
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Term
| Overall trends with habilis and rudolfensis |
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Definition
• Reduced faces, snouts, teeth
• Larger brains
• Stone tool use
• Foot and hand modifications |
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Term
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Definition
-First hominid to leave africa (we think)
-found in east/south/north africa; asia, but none yet found in europe
-900-1000 cc brain, large brow ridges
-mush mouth configuration
-bell shaped cranium
-small cheek teeth, incisors typical in size, cresty molars, smaller jaw
-facultative biped--allowed them to walk out of africa
-greater variability of climates
-Acheulian technology, had clothes, hunted. |
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Term
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Definition
-When its cold you wanna be short--small limbs--stalky for retaining heat
-When its hot you wanna be tall and lengthy so you can dissipate heat. |
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Term
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Definition
-small pelvis
-thick post cranial skeletal bones
-one extra lumbar vertebra
-narrow canals for intercostal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
behavoirs passed between generations through learning
example:• Found washing sweet potato.
• Others followed suit.
• Behavior was learned, therefore cultural.
• Then they decided to use grains instead because they ran out of potatoes too fast.
• Smart cause macac went up scooped out a ton of sand--wheat stayed at the top when dumped into water. Much more efficient, rather than one by one. |
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Term
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Definition
-nutcracking
-Great apes go a step further
termite fishing--hooked stick
leaf sponge--absorbed water
hammer and anvil for nutcracking |
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Term
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Definition
Hunting is for social purposes since it actually takes more effort to get meat.
Cooperative hunting allows for male bonding, and when females are in heat they hunt to win female over. |
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Term
| Osteodontokeratic Culture |
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Definition
| Tools created from bones instead of wood or rocks. Dart hypothesized from this that Human kind is murderous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Death History of an Organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones found in caves led Bob Brain to believe that things such as leopards fed on hominids and then let the bones fall below acacia trees into caves. |
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Definition
| evidence for sharing because the appendages are most often found back at home camps, meaning they carried easy pieces back to camp. |
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Term
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Definition
-Found in Europe, Asia, Africa
-Flatter face, thinner cranial bones, large brow ridges
-one of the oldest fossils to have cavities
-Lived in cold climates--short trunk and limbs to dissipate less heat.
-Acheulean technology continued
-undisputed control of fire and shelter creation. |
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Term
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Definition
-Found in Europe and S.East Asia
-bigger brains (1530-1740 cc)--majority of brain in occipital lobe.
-retain brow ridges, snout pulled forward--large nose
-retro molar gap
-committed bipeds; "Popeye post cranial"--short and stalky
-Mousterian Culture: specific tools for specific jobs; buried their dead, clothes, art/flute?, spatially organized worlds. |
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Term
| What does it mean to be a modern Human? |
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Definition
-Brain capacity 1350 cc
-no retromolar gap
-secondary sexual characteristics--pointed out chin.
-frontal bone vertical
-post cranial: pelvis shape distinct, gracile body, forearm and lower legs longer than upper arms and thigh. |
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Term
| Problems with using nuclear DNA; mtDNA is better |
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Definition
| genetic recombination and diploid inheritance make tracing an ancestor much harder. There are also only two copies of nuclear dna in each cell, while mitochondrial dna can be from 100s to 1000s per cell, which makes it easier to recover. MtDNA mutate faster, and are inherited only from the mother so easier to find a related sample. |
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Term
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Definition
the idea that we can trace ourselves back to one single female.
problem: o While we can all trace ourselves to one DNA type that doesn’t mean we can trace ourselves back to a single female. |
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Term
| What mitochondrial DNA says about our evolution: |
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Definition
| greatest variation of mtDNA is an Out of Africa model, while the european and asian variation is less. |
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Term
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Definition
o If you get several alleles around all one type, then you are having a good chance to tell when we emerged.
o Genetic variance should cluster 200,000 years ago for out of Africa--we see that they in fact to cluster 200,000 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
-small brains 380cc, body size (also known as hobbits)
-bipedal
-human sized teeth
-island dwarfism:an evolutionary process that results from long-term isolation on a small island with limited food resources and a lack of predators.
-hunters/tools
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Term
| Language: Internal Aspect |
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Definition
| complex mapping and simulation of the world (includes symbolic thought or consciousness |
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Term
| Language: External Aspect |
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Definition
| expressions of the system shared between individuals (including speech, gestures and vocalizations). |
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Term
| Evidence for internal aspect |
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Definition
-marked up bones had specific cuts thought to have meant symbolic thought.
-paintings of buffalo
-spatial organization
-burial might mean concept of an afterlife |
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Term
| Evidence for external aspect |
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Definition
•Brocas and wernickes area--regions thought to demonstrate speech production.
•Cerebral rubicon--threshold of enough neurons to be able to put together language.
•Vocal apparatus: low hyoid bone which allows for low larynx allows for mobility of tongue.
•Hypoglossal canal-Larger hypoglossal canal equals more axons and potential for finer control.
•Ovale by the cochlea-the larger the ovale, the higher the frequency abilities for speech. |
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Term
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Definition
-tool crafting
-carved ivory figurines
-decorative shells with holes carved in them for possible necklaces.
-bone with holes thought to be flute
-red ochres
-cave drawings with wall relief and at least two pigment colors. |
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