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| things that happen in the past are happening now. |
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| baseline series of extant organisms. Ex: we find fossil sharp tooth, so we pool together extant organisms with sharp teeth and observe. |
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| Four principle events occurred to theorist back in the day |
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Definition
1. terrestriality: moving from trees down to ground.
• 2. Bipedialism: going from 4 legs to 2 legs.
• 3. Encephalization: brain mass grew.
• 4. Civilization: social interaction |
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Definition
Adaptation
Biological variation |
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• Abiogenisis-life from no life. Abrupt appearance of life.
• Thought earth was covered in slime, but noticed order plants before humans.
• Humans arose from other forms--belly of a fish. |
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• First natural scientist.
• He classified animals with different scientific terms.
• He founded the study of natural history (classifcation), homologous and analogous was his idea.
• Possibly believed in evolution.
• His works held back biology through the renaissance. |
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Definition
• Concept of the world of forms - we are troglodytes. Each form exists, though there are reflections of that form. God is the constant and we are reflections of his form.
• Variation is imperfection, is an error in translation. Unimportant and uninteresting.
• This prevented biology from taking off. Darwin disagreed, we are all the way we are for a reason. |
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• Noticed evolution goes from simple to complex
• We changed from primates because we acquired characteristics (opposable thumb) |
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• Zoological philosophy
• Species were considered changeable. Environments change a species, environments change over time, therefore species must change.
• Best known example is the giraffe neck. |
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Definition
• Variation in giraffes necks size, therefore longer necked giraffes had more food, therefore long necked giraffes reproduced.
• This is what we call natural selection |
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| independently thought of natural selection |
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| First man to admit we came from other apes. since darwin didnt want to say where people came from. |
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| Saw upright position as fundamental in human evolution |
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| showed bipedalism came before brain size. |
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Definition
| the remains or record of activities of the once living organisms. |
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Definition
| the study of decaying organisms over time and how they become fossilized. "death history" of an organism. |
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Definition
| are geological records of biological activity |
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Definition
| the remains of once living organisms |
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Definition
• Life
o All steps below are meant to reconstruct their life!
• Death
o An assemblage of fossils of organisms that were not associated with one another during their lives.
• Depositional (burial)
o Subset of he death assemblage. All the bones and organs, that end up becoming bury
• fossil
o subset of depositional. All the organisms that survive burial into fossil.
• Sample
o All of the bones that we actually gather. |
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| Why is it good to have fossils be buried? |
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Definition
| preserve from weather. Plus you get the ability of the minerals to replace the actual bone. Organic matter replaced by rock. |
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| How soil determines if you will get a fossil |
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Definition
1. small particles
2. dry climate
3. Basic
You want small particles soil so that rain is unable to permeate the ground. You want dry conditions, wet is 2nd best, but alternating is the worst. Also you need basic conditions, not acidic. |
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Definition
• Mineral replacement- almost atom for atom. Rock replaces organic matter.
• Carbonized impressions- pressure created fossil.
• Molds-3d Impressions- ex. Were stuff fills into the cranial cavity and traces out marking left on skull. |
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Definition
| The older the fossil is, the further down it is. |
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radioactive decay--spitting of electrons.
• Potassium/argon dating- cause we know its half life. |
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Definition
• Faunal correlation or biostratigraphy.
• Seeing when animals overlap |
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Definition
| the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks |
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Term
| when the environment changes you have three choices: |
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Definition
move to new environment
change with environment
die |
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Term
| the "red queen" hypothesis |
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Definition
| In reference to an evolutionary system, continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness amongst the systems being co-evolved with. |
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Term
| two elements to an environment |
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Definition
• Biotic
o All living things in same time and space.
• Abiotic
o Stuff not living; temp, precipitation, rocks. |
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Term
| three levels of environmental dynamics and mass-extinctions |
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Definition
• Extraterrestial origin
o Comet or meteor
• Global or tectonic level
• Local or regional level |
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Term
| three levels of environmental dynamics and mass-extinctions |
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Definition
• Extraterrestial origin
o Comet or meteor
• Global or tectonic level
plates are on magma, they slide around
• Local or regional level
glaciers, mountain ranges, rivers, habitat fragmentation. |
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Term
| vrbas turnover pulse hypothesis |
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Definition
| worldwide climatic cooling about 2.5 million years ago forced animals to adapt to increasingly arid and open conditions |
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Definition
| equilibrium, then major events forces a change, then go back into equilibrium. |
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Definition
| change happens over time, gradually. |
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Definition
| set of rules that underline how we name species, groups of animals. |
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| study of relationships among species |
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Definition
| first to classify on a grand scale. bad scheme cause there werent enough splits that occured...not enough levels. |
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| species and the fossil record |
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Definition
To determine species in fossils we use the morphological species concept.
• Splitters vs lumpers
splitters make many species, lumpers make few species
msc: Organisms are classified in the same species if they appear identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria |
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Definition
| using derived and primitive characteristics. derived are better. use an outgroup! |
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Term
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Definition
| traits come and go all the time, we want the most recent of the few. New traits. |
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Term
| Primitive (Symplesiomorphic)- |
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Definition
| old traits. To determine primitive traits we use an out group. |
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Definition
| independently derived characteristics |
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Term
| Example of how you can tell who is more related to who: |
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Definition
monkey vs dog
4 legs
stereoscopic vision
tail
opposable thumb
outgroup lizard. what does the lizard have? |
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Definition
| support, protection, and locomotion. human body is trunk with 4 limbs and a skull. |
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Definition
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Most important elements to reconstruct behavior in the fossil record.
DIET |
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Definition
| heat loss is proportional to surface volume ratio. endothermic animals can have a wider range of environments--can hunt in more areas. |
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Definition
| meaning you can easily stay at the same temperature cause you have less surface area relative to your volume. |
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Definition
smaller animals will more than likely eat insects, while larger animals will eat things like leaves. this is because of capture rate. leaves are easy to find and you can move and chew!
little animals cant digest the sugars in leaves anyway cause their guts arent large enough. |
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Term
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Definition
big incisors-fruit eaters
small incisors-leaf eaters
small crests and bowls in teeth are for fruit eaters.
long big crests equals folivores-shearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| pits in teeth of hard object feeder. folivores have scratches on teeth. |
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Definition
| Comes from eating livers of carnivores. |
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Term
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Definition
you obtain different types of carbon traces from different plants, either c13 or c12.
o So when you are growing your teeth, you are growing from carbon, meaning stable isotopes will be found in your teeth from the food you eat.
o Tropical grass eaters have high isotopes numbers.
o Grazers have low isotope numbers. |
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Term
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Definition
| grasping, long tail, laterally placed scapula, deep ulna |
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Term
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Definition
o Straight knees and elbows
o Short digits
o Reduced tail
o Restricted shoulder joint |
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Definition
• Leaper
o Long hindlimb
o Long curved hands and toes.
o Bow shaped back |
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Definition
o Long curved fingers
o Long arms for stride length
o Mobile hip joint
o Short legs for center of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
o Adducted toe
o Short toes
o Large head of femur
• For bearing the entire weight
• Being stable
o Lumbar curve
• for dissipating force from walking.
o Adducted knees
• Allows us to lift our legs |
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Term
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Definition
| o Bone changes shape based on the pressures from forces. |
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Term
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Definition
: the simplest and most primitive social group
(a) Found in most primitive nocturnal mammals
(b) Individual female and her offspring is the basic unit
(c) Males have ranges overlapping different females
(d) No permanent mixed sex groups --
i) but frequent interactions
ii) males watch for female reproductive status
iii) females can still have a choice of mates |
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Term
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Definition
rare.
(a) one adult female, one male and juvenile offspring
i) Males and females usually mate for life
(b) Intense competition between groups
i) Territorially motivated competition
ii) Fighting occurs between males or females |
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Term
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Definition
one female with several sexually active males
(a) Males may participate in raising the offspring
(b) Marmosets and tamarins but VERY RARE |
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Term
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Definition
single male, several females & offspring
(a) This is very common among monkeys
(b) All male groups of subordinate males are common
i) Takeovers occur on occasion |
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Definition
large, bisexual groups
(a) Many males, females and all of their offspring
(b) Offspring of one sex or another migrate eventually |
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Term
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Definition
fluid social structure
(a) females can forage, males roam in groups
i) Males protect groups of solitary females
a) Males usually related
ii) Females sometimes congregate to feed, etc. |
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Definition
Males and females don’t consort except to mate
(a) This is very rare... may not exist in primates
(b) Orangs are really exploded polygamy |
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Term
| advantages to group living |
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Definition
improved access to food (must eat to reproduce)
hunting in groups
improved protection from predators
many eyes ears and noses
Access to mates
easier to find mates
Assistance in rearing offspring
kids are a burden, and because we dont know what kid belongs to who, so help from all! |
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Term
| disadvantages to living socially |
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Definition
(a) You must compete for food
(b) You must compete for mates
(c) You compete for assistance in rearing offspring
(2) Also, bigger groups mean more attraction by predators |
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