Upper Paleolithic

125Ka-12Ka

Middle Paleolithic

 780Ka-125Ka

Lower Paleolithic

1.75Ka-780Ka

 Homo Erectus

1.8Ma-50Ka

Africa, Georgia (Also C. & E. Asia)

-Illiac Pillar=Better supported bipedalism

-Expanded Rib Cage=Lung Capacity, longer distances for walking and running

-Reduction of tooth size-higher diet quality, cooking, meat

-Less dimorphism 

-Shovel Shaped Incisors

Archaic Homo

(Homo Heidelbergensis)

 600Ka Africa

100-200Ka Asia

-Same brain/Same body size relative to HS

-Robust shafts of the long bones

-Expanded parietals*

-Large lower limb joints well-suited to long distance bipedal walking or running.

Homo Neanderthalensis

125Ka-30Ka

Euope, SW and C. Asia

thinck double-arched browridges-sexual dimorphism

Large incisor teeth with lots of wear (used as tools)

weak chin

retromolar behind third molar

-stout =retain heat

robusticity and well-developed muscle insertions-stringent physical activity

-Occipital Bun

Homo Sapiens

 Ethiopia

150-160Ka

80-100Ka

 Globular Cranium-bigger brain

Chin-realign incisors

Orthognathic, reduced face

smaller tooth size in relation to body size

-elongated distal limb bones

-relatively large pelvic inlet

Hobbitt

Homo Floresiensis

800Ka

Indonesia

Long arms, short legs, long feet

no chin, used stone tools

endemic dwarfing/Laron Syndrome (insensitive to HG)

Haplotypes

Statistically identifiable Mutations in Regions

Orrorin

6Ma

Kenya

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

 6-7Ma

Central Africa, Chad

Australopithecus boisei

1.5-2Ma

East Africa

Australopithecus robustus

 South Africa

1.5-2Ma

 Australopithecus afarensis

3-3.7

East Africa

 Kenyanthropus platyops

3.5Ma

Kenya

Australopethicus Ramidus

5.8-4.6MA

East Africa

Australopethicus Aethiopicus

Robust

East Africa

2.6Ma

Australopethicus anamensis

Gracile

3.9-4.2Ma

Australopethicus Africanus

S. Africa

2-3MA

Australopethicus Bahrelghazali

C. Africa

3.5 Ma

Australopethicus gahri

E. Africa

2.5 Ma