Term
|
Definition
| hands free to carry tools (Darwin); hands free to carry other items; predator avoidance by seeing farther; increased ability to tolerate heat stress; more efficient in traveling long distances; feeding posture in tree canopies; locomotion pattern in tree canopies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large opening at base of cranium through which medulla oblongata enters and exists the skull vault; positioning tells whether a species is bipedal, much further back in apes and other quadrupedal species |
|
|
Term
| earliest dates of bipedalism |
|
Definition
| 6.1-5.8 Ma; Orrorin tugenensis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull, anchors chewing muscles on sides and top of the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cheekbone, anchors chewing muscles, and other chewing muscles run under the arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests that organisms forage in such a way as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time |
|
|
Term
| cooking and energy availability |
|
Definition
| increases the energy obtainable from most foods through increased digestibility; caloric gain 12-35% for starches and 45-78% for protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| practice of consuming uncooked, unprocessed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of menstrual cycling in women of reproductive age; related to raw foodism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals closer to one extreme in a continuous trait survive and reproduce, passing their genes to the next generation (occurred in human brain size) |
|
|
Term
| australopithecine brain size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to keep track of a large number of individuals and social relationships between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of human history distinguished by the development of primitive stone tools until the end of the Pleistocene (10,000 BP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stone tool that is at least twice as long as it is wide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stone tool with sharp edge used to cut and engrave bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oldest known stone tool technology; >3 Ma; chopping tools capable of cutting animal flesh; created using a hammerstone to strike flakes off a core stone; assoc. with H. habilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H. erectus tools; bifacial with greater symmetry; use of soft hammer technique; emerges 1.5 Ma; handaxes/scrapers/cleavers
Advanced: different tools for different purposes, more efficient tool use, greater mental sophistication in tool design and manufacture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
300 Ka, method of making stone tools in which a stone core is prepared in such a way that finished tools can be removed from it by a final blow; 'prepared core method'
Advantages: produces sharp and efficient tools, single core can produce multiple tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prepared-core stone tool culture of the Neandertals
diversity of tools including awls, axes, knives, scrapers, cores, and hammers |
|
|
Term
| Vocal anatomy and spoken language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protruding rear region of the skull, characteristic of Neandertal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of farming only using simple hand tools, no irrigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to produce lactase after 5 years of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition characterized by diarrhea, cramps, and other intestinal problems resulting from the ingestion of milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produces multiple stresses: less oxygen, concentration of UV radiation is greater, limited vegetation
adaptations: respiration increases, then returns to normal; red blood cell production increases; differences in aerobic capacity acquired during growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen starvation, which occurs at high altitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any factor that interferes with the normal limits of operation of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of humans to maintain a constant internal environment (in terms of temperature, pH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short-term physiologic responses to stress; e.g. sweating when you are hot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long-term physiologic responses to stress; e.g. increase in red blood cell production in high-altitude environment |
|
|
Term
| Developmental acclimatization |
|
Definition
| changes in an organ or body structure that occur during hte physical growth of an organism; e.g. increase in chest size when growing up in high altitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of organisms to respond physiologically or developmentally to environmental stresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widening of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| among mammals of similar shape, the larger mammal loses heat less rapidly than the smaller mammal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mammals in cold climates tend to have short, bulky limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of cranial shape, defined as the maximum width of the skull divided by the maximum length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of the shape of nasal opening, defined as the width of the nasal opening divided by the height |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chewing muscles; responsible for closing the jaw during chewing, located on the side behind the eye socket; larger the temporalis muscle more the zygomatic arch must flare out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| other chewing muscle responsible for closing the jaw during chewing, runs under zygomatic arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gap next to canine tooth that allows space for canine on opposing jaw |
|
|
